{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:44:06Z","timestamp":1790401446636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic has significantly altered the etiological spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric respiratory diseases, and a profound understanding of these changes is crucial for guiding clinical treatment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the etiological patterns and epidemiological features of pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from children with pediatric lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) after the COVID\u201019 pandemic, with the aim of providing effective therapeutic evidence for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study enrolled pediatric patients diagnosed with LRTIs who were treated and underwent BALF pathogen detection at our hospital from June 1, 2023, to June 1, 2024. Demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of the patients, along with the results of BALF pathogen detection, were meticulously collected and subsequently analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 682 children with LRTIs who underwent BALF examinations were included in this study. In pediatric LRTIs, winter was the peak season for disease onset. Regarding diagnostic categories, lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia were the most common diseases, representing 62.5% and 27.1% of diagnosed cases, respectively. The vast majority of pediatric patients showed complete recovery in clinical symptoms or imaging findings within 2 weeks after receiving treatment. The BALF examination results revealed that the five most frequently identified pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (83.1%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.3%), Haemophilus influenzae (16.6%),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (11.7%), and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (11.3%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The etiological spectrum of pediatric LRTIs is complex, necessitating targeted clinical treatments tailored to the predominant pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T07:25:16Z","timestamp":1736407516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiological Characteristics of Pathogens in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Children With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University Public Administration Class of 2022, with an Internship at Fu Yang People's Hospital, Xinzao Guangzhou P. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guitao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5965-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Fu Yang People's Hospital Fuyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00777-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00138-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/AJTCCM.2024.v30i2.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05401-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001335"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Analysis of Pathogen Surveillance Results for Acute Respiratory Infection Among Children in Zaozhuang","volume":"12","author":"Li L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Journal of Pathogen Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00368-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1291980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09438-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Epidemiological Characteristics of Respiratory Infection Pathogens Among Children in Kaizhou District, Chongqing From 2019 to 2022","volume":"35","author":"Yang L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health and Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"853","article-title":"Analysis and Modeling Application of Inflammation Index Spectrum in Children With Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by Different Pathogens","volume":"48","author":"Li B.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Guizhou Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Respiratory Infections in Low and Middle\u2010Income Countries","volume":"6","author":"Frigati L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatric Respiratory Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Progress in Research on Detection Methods for Respiratory Pathogens China","volume":"24","author":"Ma P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Diagnostic Efficiency and Clinical Value of Metagene\u2010Targeted Third\u2010Generation Sequencing in Detecting Pathogens in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"6","author":"Jin X.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhejiang Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"505","article-title":"Characteristics of Pathogenic Bacteria in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection","volume":"28","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Laboratory Diagnostics"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Epidemiological Investigation on Pathogens of Respiratory Infections Among Children in Kunming","volume":"14","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Investigations on the Risk Factors of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) Among Under\u2010Five Children in Depok City, Indonesia","volume":"36","author":"Wulandari R. 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