{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:28:36Z","timestamp":1791304116944,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, with the advent of artificial intelligence, clear progress has been made in the clinical application of lung sound analysis techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a new software program to analyze pediatric lung sounds using machine learning (ML), we conducted a lung sound survey study of 139 healthy 3\u2010year\u2010old children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All cases were surveyed using the ATS\u2010DLD questionnaire, which mainly included items related to a history of wheezing, diagnosis of asthma, and history of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, allergies and environment. The characteristics of the lung sounds were examined, along with the results of the questionnaire and lung sound parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with a history of wheezing showed a higher maximum inspiratory frequency (FAP<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>), lower basal power (PAP<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively), and lower RPF<jats:sub>50p<\/jats:sub> and RPF<jats:sub>75p<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, respectively), suggesting the enhancement of the high\u2010pitched region of the lung sound spectrum. A similar tendency was observed in children with a history of asthma or RSV infection. Furthermore, in the group of children with a history of wheezing, those with a history of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) within 1 week were found to have an enhancement of the high\u2010pitched region relative to those without history of ARI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>By utilizing a new analysis software program using ML, we found that 3\u2010year\u2010old children with a history of wheezing or suspected asthma had characteristic lung sounds even when healthy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T15:51:06Z","timestamp":1743609066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automatic Analysis of Lung Sounds in 3\u2010Year\u2010Old Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5273-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University Hachioji Hospital Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University Hachioji Hospital Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Niimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University Hachioji Hospital Hachioji Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Clinical Science and Public Health Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shonan University of Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197302012880501"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-200026410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0323OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. \u201cGlobal Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention \u201d Accessed August 11 2024 https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/GINA-2024-Full-Report-24_05_22-WMS.pdf(ginasthma.org)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.3.364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/141.5_Pt_1.1147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08020257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.12.1285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199701)23:1<21::AID-PPUL3>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.745635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2015.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03210-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2018.07.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society)","volume":"118","author":"Ferris B. 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