{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:07:44Z","timestamp":1776132464645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, digital chest tube drainage systems have been introduced. Limited studies address their benefits and risks in pediatric patients, particularly neonates. This study compares a three\u2010chamber chest drainage system with a digital system using a high\u2010fidelity 3D\u2010printed model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted direct measurements and 3D\u2010printed model tests with both systems at different suction pressures (\u22121 to \u221220 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) to assess the actual pressures. The effects of siphon and automatic flushes in the digital system were also studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At \u221220 and \u221210 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, significant differences were found between the digital and analog systems in direct and model measurements. The analog system became unreliable below \u221210 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. For the digital system, most measurements remained within the set pressures, with outliers up to \u221230 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O due to regular flushing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This experimental study evaluates the suitability of digital drainage systems for the pediatric and neonatal populations. Our model demonstrated reliable simulation of thoracic conditions, making it a useful tool for pre\u2010clinical testing where patient testing may be limited. Both systems yielded satisfactory results at \u221220 and \u221210 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, but the digital system showed greater flexibility, maintaining pressures as low as \u22125 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. The analog system was consistent but less adaptable, which may limit its use in dynamic situations. The digital system's ability to simulate more flexible scenarios offers potential clinical advantages, though further investigation is needed to assess its impact on neonatal safety. The increase in suction during flushing may pose a risk for neonatal patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1744371078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Analog and Digital Chest Tube Drainage Systems Using a High\u2010Fidelity 3D\u2010Printed Neonatal Chest Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.\u2010X.","family":"Anzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University of Munich | LMU Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. 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