{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:56:33Z","timestamp":1790164593397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize an observational cohort of ventilator\u2010dependent infants and children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with or without tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) and determine the impact of TBM on the need for ventilator support, liberation from the ventilator and tracheostomy decannulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographics and clinical outcomes were obtained by retrospective review from 12 centers participating in the outpatient BPD Collaborative registry. The cohort consisted of infants born between 2016 and 2021 who were dependent on invasive mechanical ventilation at home. The respiratory outcomes of those infants with TBM were compared to those who did not have TBM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 154 subjects included and about half (48.7%) had documented TBM. Both the TBM and non\u2010TBM groups had similar demographic characteristics and respiratory outcomes. However, the non\u2010TBM were found to have lower mean birth weight (673 vs. 832 grams; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), higher likelihood of having Nissen fundoplication (34.2% vs. 12.2%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) and higher use of diuretics (59.2% vs. 37.3%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007). Both groups were similar in terms of ventilator requirements, timing of liberation from the ventilator, and rate of decannulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of TBM in ventilator\u2010dependent infants with BPD did not affect ventilator support needs, liberation from the ventilator and the rate of tracheostomy decannulation. We speculate that the relative contributions of the other components of BPD disease may play critical roles in determining the need for tracheostomy and their ultimate respiratory outcomes. A prospective multicenter study to assess the impact of TBM in severe BPD is urgently needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T13:06:36Z","timestamp":1744895196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Outcomes of Ventilator\u2010Dependent Children With Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Tracheobronchomalacia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manvi","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston M.","family":"Manimtim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology Children's Mercy\u2010Kansas City and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Arkansas Children's Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatia","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khanh","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1832-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Kaslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lystra P.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1709-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric D.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Vanderbilt University and Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0389-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 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