{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:35:24Z","timestamp":1792082124776,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is little information about long\u2010term changes in pulmonary function tests (PFTs) many years after protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), the most common cause of chronic wet cough in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 200 consecutively recruited children with a previously proven diagnosis of PBB 62 (12.2 years, female 48%) were interviewed after 7.7 (5.4\u201314.7) years about their previous and current symptoms and pulmonary function tests (PFTs: spirometry, body plethysmography, nitrogen multi\u2010breath washout, exhaled nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide) were performed. Children with persistent symptoms were offered lung imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11 (17.7%) patients suffered from chronic or recurring wet cough years after their first PBB episode. 15 (24.19%) had at least one abnormal spirometry parameter. FEV1 was abnormal in eight of 62 (12.9%), LCI 2.5% in seven of 56 (12.5%), FVC in 12 of 62 (19.35%) and FEV1\/FVC in five of 62 (8.06%) cases. PFT did not differ between children with and without wet cough. Lung MRI\/CT demonstrate in four of nine cases abnormalities of the bronchial walls, including one with incipient bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After PBB in early childhood, a significant proportion of children suffer from respiratory symptoms many years later, some have an objectively reduced lung function and structural changes of the bronchial wall despite adequate initial therapy. Wet cough alone seems not to be a sensitive clinical predictor. Due to the retrospective study design, we cannot proof any causal relationship. However, to detect late bronchopulmonary sequelae, continuous follow\u2010up of these children should become mandatory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T02:19:03Z","timestamp":1746497943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long\u2010Term Pulmonary Sequelae 5\u201314 Years After Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3081-6786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University, Bochum Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine St. Josef and St. Elisabeth\u2010Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Br\u00fcckner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University, Bochum Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten\/Herdecke Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cordula","family":"Koerner\u2010Rettberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University, Bochum Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Marien\u2010Hospital Wesel, Teaching Hospital of University of M\u00fcnster Wesel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Dillenh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University, Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folke","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Paediatric Pneumology and Allergology University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein, Airway Research Center North (ARCN) of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL) L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph M.","family":"Heyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children's Hospital, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6737-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Schlegtendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Pneumology University Children's Hospital, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"118","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Symptom Interpretation in General Practice","volume":"22","author":"Morrell D. 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