{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:17:54Z","timestamp":1787764674644,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis may experience persistent symptoms linked to future chronic lung diseases like bronchiectasis. Identifying phenotypes during hospitalization could guide targeted interventions. As traditional clustering requires large datasets, this study explores whether Unsupervised Feature Extraction Algorithms (UFEAs) and clustering can identify high\u2010risk profiles in a small dataset of Indigenous infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 128 Indigenous infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, Australia. Eight UEFAs were applied to reduce the dimensionality of 22 variables across 2\u201317 dimensions. A support vector machine classifier assessed the effectiveness of each UFEA in classifying bronchiectasis. Kernel Principal Component Analysis with nine dimensions performed best, and these dimensions were used for clustering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six clinical profiles were identified. Profile C, the highest\u2010risk group with the most infants with bronchiectasis (45%), preterm birth (95%), low birth weight (86%), weight\u2010for\u2010length\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score\u2009&lt;\u2009\u22122 (62%), household smoke exposure (90%), and antibiotics prescribed before hospitalization (100%). Profile D, the second\u2010highest risk, had bronchiectasis (30%), the highest wet\/productive cough (45%), crackles\/crepitations (36%), and wheeze (18%). Profile F infants included bronchiectasis (22%), oxygen supplementation (91%), and lobar collapse\/consolidation on chest X\u2010rays (65%). Profile A included bronchiectasis (5%) and household smoke exposure (30%), and Profile E showed bronchiectasis (9%) and household smoke exposure (36%). Profile B, the lowest\u2010risk group, with no bronchiectasis (0%), preterm birth (15%), low birth weight (10%), and any bacteria (5%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using UFEAs and clustering, we reduced dataset dimensionality, effectively identifying six unique, clinically significant risk profiles in Indigenous infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:32:36Z","timestamp":1767810756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Profile Identification of Indigenous Infants With Bronchiolitis Through Using Unsupervised Feature Extraction and Clustering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9848-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongqi","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle Britt","family":"McCallum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Maternal Health Division Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Bernadette","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Maternal Health Division Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Queensland Children's Hospital and Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Society Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61901-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"679","article-title":"Deciphering Clinical Phenotypes in Acute Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: Bronchiolitis is Not an Island","volume":"71","author":"Cunningham S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Publishing Group Ltd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/s0022-3476(03)00508-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2009.01571.x"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Antibiotics for Persistent Cough or Wheeze Following Acute Bronchiolitis in Children","volume":"8","author":"McCallum G. B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31554-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000142508.33623.2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30879-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.Friedman T.Hastie andR.TibshiraniThe elements of statistical learning: Springer series in statistics New York 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21606-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45528-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1157","article-title":"An Introduction to Variable and Feature Selection","volume":"3","author":"Guyon I.","journal-title":"Journal of machine learning research 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2021.100378"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2006.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3116128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07725-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00008-0"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.71449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ppul.71449","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ppul.71449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:18:32Z","timestamp":1787761112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppul.71449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ppul.71449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.71449","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-6863","1099-0496"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-6863","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0496","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71449"}}