{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:31:36Z","timestamp":1785173496872,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Living in a food desert (an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food) is associated with a higher prevalence of childhood asthma. There is a lack of information regarding the impact of spending the first year of life in a food desert on subsets of Vitamin E (\u03b1\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol) levels and lung development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine if living in a food desert at 3 months of life is associated with altered \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol, and infant lung measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Newborns recruited within 1 week of delivery and prospectively followed for 3 months. 32 infants had sedated lung function tests and 50 had food desert data for analysis along with serum for \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty (50) infants within the prospective Indiana High\u2010risk for Atopy in Neonates Cohort through Early life (INHANCE) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung function, serum tocopherol concentration, and food desert status from the INHANCE cohort were analyzed. Because \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol have opposing mechanistic functions, and the combination of high \u03b1\u2010tocopherol with low \u03b3\u2010tocopherol have been shown to associate with better lung function in 2\u2010 to 3\u2010year olds and in adults, in this study of 3\u2010month old infants, quadrants of high and low \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol were assessed for association with food deserts and lung function tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analyses Performed<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fisher's Exact tests were used to compare food desert designations with quadrants, due to small counts. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) models were used to compare lung function values across the four quadrants, and Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests were used to compare the lung function\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores across the two\u2010level quadrant groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 3 months of age, lung volumes were lower in children living in food deserts (FVC:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006; FEV\n                      <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). None of the infants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950) with the ideal tocopherol combination lived in a food desert compared to the other three quadrants with less ideal tocopherol combinations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). The infants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200932) with the ideal tocopherol combination had higher FRC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and FEV\n                      <jats:sub>0.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025)\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores than infants in the other three quadrants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not living in a food desert is associated with the highest \u03b1\u2010 and lowest \u03b3\u2010tocopherol levels at 3 months of age. At 3 months of age, not living in a food desert was associated with higher lung function; with higher lung function associated with the highest \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and lowest \u03b3\u2010tocopherol levels. Prospective trials are needed to determine if a lack of nutritious food during pregnancy and the first year of life is linked with decreased \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and increased \u03b3\u2010tocopherol throughout this time period, and if this potential link is consistently associated with lower airway measurements that persist for the first few years of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:15:33Z","timestamp":1769685333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early Life Food Desert Status Is Associated With Alpha and Gamma\u2010Tocopherol Levels and Infant Lung Function"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Garen S.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angar","family":"Tsoggerel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Hoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney E.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Colbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Polis Center, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unai Miguel","family":"Andres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Slaven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science Indiana University School of Medicine and Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Cook\u2010Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology Herman B. 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