{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:06:52Z","timestamp":1790345212667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sweat testing remains central to the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), with the sweat chloride test (SCT) serving as the gold standard since 1959. However, SCT has important limitations, including restricted availability in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs), difficulty obtaining adequate sweat samples in infants, and diagnostically ambiguous intermediate results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review summarizes established and emerging sweat\u2010based diagnostic approaches for CF, with a focus on their clinical utility, limitations, and relevance across different healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SCT remains the reference method for confirming CF, but sweat conductivity has emerged as a practical screening tool, particularly in LMICs, because of its simplicity, low sample requirement, and high sensitivity. Advanced CFTR functional assays, including nasal potential difference and intestinal current measurement, provide sensitive assessment of CFTR dysfunction but are technically demanding and largely restricted to specialized centers. The \u03b2\u2010adrenergic sweat test offers a promising in vivo alternative for evaluating CFTR\u2010mediated sweat secretion and may help distinguish CF, CFTR\u2010related disorders, carriers, and unaffected individuals. Emerging technologies, such as wearable sweat sensors, microneedle\u2010based sweat induction systems, and other noninvasive approaches, may further expand diagnostic possibilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining accessible screening tools with functional and emerging sweat\u2010based methods may improve CF diagnosis, particularly in LMICs and diagnostically challenging cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1773658267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancements in Sweat Testing Techniques for Cystic Fibrosis: From Classical to Novel Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mine Y\u00fcksel","family":"Kalyoncu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology Kartal Dr Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Gokdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara University School of Medicine Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.649904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26179"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(20)30046-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"The Limitations of Sweat Electrolyte Reference Intervals for the Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Mishra A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemist Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Comparison Between Classic Gibson and Cooke Technique and Sweat Conductivity Test in Patients With and Without Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"86","author":"Mattar A. 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