{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:29:59Z","timestamp":1785842999735,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]],"date-time":"2017-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002653","name":"Yorkshire Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPP047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPP047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002653","name":"Yorkshire Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B381PA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B381PA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proteomics Clinical Apps"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nipple secretions are protein\u2010rich and a potential source of breast cancer biomarkers for breast cancer screening. Previous studies of specific proteins have shown limited correlation with clinicopathological features. Our aim, in this pilot study, was to investigate the intra\u2010 and interpatient protein composition of nipple secretions and the implications for their use as liquid biopsies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Experimental design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Matched pairs of nipple discharge\/nipple aspirate fluid (NAF, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 15) were characterized for physicochemical properties and SDS\u2010PAGE. Four pairs were selected for semiquantitative proteomic profiling and trypsin\u2010digested peptides analyzed using 2D\u2010LC Orbitrap Fusion MS. The resulting data were subject to bioinformatics analysis and statistical evaluation for functional significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1990 unique proteins were identified many of which are established cancer\u2010associated markers. Matched pairs shared the greatest similarity (average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94), but significant variations between individuals were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and clinical relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was the most complete proteomic study of nipple discharge\/nipple aspirate fluid to date providing a valuable source for biomarker discovery. The high level of milk proteins in healthy volunteer samples compared to the cancer patients was associated with galactorrhoea. Using matched pairs increased confidence in patient\u2010specific protein levels but changes relating to cancer stage require investigation of a larger cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201700015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,10]],"date-time":"2017-05-10T08:22:47Z","timestamp":1494404567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Nipple aspirate fluid\u2014A liquid biopsy for diagnosing breast health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sadr\u2010ul","family":"Shaheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Therapeutics University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriacos","family":"Kyriacou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Mullarkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethical Tissue University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Burrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethical Tissue University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence H.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Therapeutics University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Linforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Salhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris W.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Therapeutics University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-014-0427-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2251011667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.13.1081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Better contralateral breast cancer risk estimation and alternative options to contralateral prophylactic mastectomy","volume":"7","author":"Davies K. 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