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Despite their differences, their mucus composition, however, is yet not well elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze themucosal secretome, samples from the human olfactory mucus (OM) and respiratorymucus (RM) were collected in a volunteer study with 25 normosmic individualsand analyzed using label\u2010free quantitative proteomics (LFQ), supervised machinelearning (Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, PLS\u2010DA), functionalenrichment via Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analyses at Reactome database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,780high\u2010confidence proteins were quantified across 50 samples. The optimizedPLS\u2010DA model achieved robust discrimination between OM and RM (AUC = 0.93 \u00b10.04), identifying distinct molecular signatures. Cross\u2010validation across GO,Reactome, and PLS\u2010DA macro\u2010category analyses confirmed the robustness andbiological coherence of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this study defines twocomplementary mucosal ecosystems: a dynamic olfactory mucus optimized for highmitochondrial activity, (non\u2010motile) ciliary renewal, and autophagy, and animmune\u2010active respiratory mucus specialized in host defense, providing acomprehensive molecular framework of nasal regional specialization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:03:40Z","timestamp":1784286220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Functional Signatures of Human Olfactory and Respiratory Mucus Revealed by Proteomics Combined With Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0436-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Topalian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Ulm University  Ulm Germany"},{"name":"Institute For Applied Biotechnology Biberach University of Applied Sciences  Biberach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Kristina","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Philippine General Hospital University of the Philippines \u2013 Manila  Manila Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Asian Hospital and Medical Center  Muntinlupa Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoline","family":"Lantzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Hohenheim Mass Spectrometry Unit University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrystelle","family":"Mavoungou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Applied Biotechnology Biberach University of Applied Sciences  Biberach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Rosenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Ulm University  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Pfannstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Hohenheim Mass Spectrometry Unit University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Schindowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Applied Biotechnology Biberach University of Applied Sciences  Biberach Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034\u20105687(94)00095\u2010H"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41579\u2010022\u201000842\u20106;SUBJMETA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2022.856962\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JEMT.1070230203"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2017.00788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41577\u2010023\u201000972\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"J. 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