{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:16:23Z","timestamp":1790511383305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christian Medical College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phantom limb pain (PLP) can be disabling for nearly two thirds of amputees. Hence, there is a need to find an effective and inexpensive treatment that can be self administered. Among the non\u2010pharmacological treatment for PLP, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applied to the contralateral extremity and mirror therapy are two promising options. However, there are no studies to compare the two treatments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare mirror therapy and TENS in the management of PLP in subjects with amputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was an assessor blinded randomized controlled trial conducted at Physiotherapy Gymnasium of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore. Twenty\u2010six subjects with PLP consented to participate. An initial assessment of pain using visual analogue scale (VAS) and universal pain score (UPS) was performed by a therapist blinded to the treatment given. Random allocation into Group I\u2010mirror therapy and Group II\u2010TENS was carried out. After 4\u2009days of treatment, pain was re\u2010assessed by the same therapist. The mean difference in Pre and Post values were compared among the groups. The change in pre\u2013post score was analyzed using the paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants of Group I had significant decrease in pain [VAS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and UPS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001)]. Group II also showed a significant reduction in pain [VAS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and UPS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002)]. However, no difference was observed between the two groups [VAS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.223 and UPS (\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.956)].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both Mirror Therapy and TENS were found to be effective in pain reduction on a short\u2010term basis. However, no difference between the two groups was found. Substantiation with long\u2010term follow\u2010up is essential to find its long\u2010term effectiveness. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T17:50:18Z","timestamp":1427997018000},"page":"109-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Mirror Therapy and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Management of Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees \u2014 A Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Merlyn","family":"Tilak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serin Anna","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jebaraj","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenny Thinagaran","family":"Vasanthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshmi Sankaran","family":"Subbaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Bhide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tharion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College  Vellore 632002 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"Phantom limb pain: relief by application of TENS to contralateral extremity","volume":"66","author":"Carabelli RA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375482a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910530100600107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00705.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199303000-00001","article-title":"Thumb in check? 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