{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:17:00Z","timestamp":1792552620200,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Technologies such as brain\u2010computer interfaces are able to guide mental practice, in particular motor imagery performance, to promote recovery in stroke patients, as a combined approach to conventional therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to provide a status report regarding advances in brain\u2010computer interface, focusing in particular in upper limb motor recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The databases PubMed, Scopus, and PEDro were systematically searched for articles published between January 2010 and December 2017. The selected studies were randomized controlled trials involving brain\u2010computer interface interventions in stroke patients, with upper limb assessment as primary outcome measures. Reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the trials, using the PEDro methodologic rating scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 309 titles, we included nine studies with high quality (PEDro\u00a0\u2265\u00a06). We found that the most common interface used was non\u2010invasive electroencephalography, and the main neurofeedback, in stroke rehabilitation, was usually visual abstract or a combination with the control of an orthosis\/robotic limb. Moreover, the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment Scale was a major outcome measure in eight out of nine studies. In addition, the benefits of functional electric stimulation associated to an interface were found in three studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurofeedback training with brain\u2010computer interface systems seem to promote clinical and neurophysiologic changes in stroke patients, in particular those with long\u2010term efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T14:20:56Z","timestamp":1546611656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Brain\u2010machine interface of upper limb recovery in stroke patients rehabilitation: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, CESPU Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies  Gandra Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences University of Minho  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0498-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory  Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"},{"name":"2Ai \u2010 Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave  Barcelos Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Jos\u00e9","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's\u2014PT Government Associate Laboratory  Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059414522229"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5626\/JCSE.2013.7.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2415800"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"4128","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and EEG\u2010based motor imagery BCI for upper limb stroke rehabilitation","volume":"2012","author":"Ang K. 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