{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:13:06Z","timestamp":1781871186591,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1002190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1002190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001790","name":"Central Queensland University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pain\u2010free grip (PFG) force is commonly used to monitor treatment outcomes in lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET); however, it is unclear whether changes in forearm and elbow position affect PFG force values. This study aims to examine the effect of elbow\/shoulder and forearm position on non\u2010normalised and normalised PFG force in individuals with unilateral LET.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort study including 21 subjects with clinically diagnosed unilateral LET (13 females, mean [SD] age 50 [8] years) performed PFG force (symptomatic arm) and maximal grip (asymptomatic arm) tasks using four upper limb positions: (1) shoulder neutral, elbow flexed (90\u00b0), forearm pronated; (2) shoulder neutral, elbow flexed (90\u00b0), forearm neutral; (3) shoulder flexed (90\u00b0), elbow extended, forearm pronated; and (4) shoulder flexed (90\u00b0), elbow extended, forearm neutral. PFG force was normalised to the maximal grip of the asymptomatic side. Repeated\u2010measures analyses of variance were used to compare non\u2010normalised and PFG force normalised to maximal grip between positions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both non\u2010normalised and normalised PFG forces were greater in position 2 than position 1, position 3 and position 4 (elbow\u2010by\u2010forearm interaction non\u2010normalised <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002, normalised <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). There were no differences between positions 1, 3 and 4 for either non\u2010normalised or normalised PFG strength.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that PFG force was higher when performed with forearm neutral supination\/pronation, elbow flexion and shoulder neutral than other tested positions, and irrespective of whether PFG force was normalised to the maximal grip force of the contralateral limb. This indicates that arm position should be standardised for comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T08:36:01Z","timestamp":1616834161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Upper limb position affects pain\u2010free grip strength in individuals with lateral elbow tendinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nikki","family":"Cooke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Rockhampton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Obst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Bundaberg Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Vicenzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health School of Health and Rehabilitation Science The University of Queensland  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health School of Health and Rehabilitation Science The University of Queensland  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke J.","family":"Heales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University  Rockhampton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38961.584653.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4744"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Impairment assessment of lateral epicondylitis through electromyography and dynamometry","volume":"55","author":"Blanchette M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.1998.11076388"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31823dd333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(97)80026-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effect of forearm rotation on grip strength","volume":"22","author":"De Smet L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(12)80153-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4691-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2002.0761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0539-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Hopkins W. 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