{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:48:53Z","timestamp":1775123333216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary Incontinence (UI) is a global health issue that mainly affects the female population worldwide. Different approaches have been sought for the management of UI including Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) using Virtual Reality (VR) gaming. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of VR gaming for rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and improving urinary symptoms in patients with UI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We've included studies that contain any type of VR in all geographic locations and settings with no restrictions on the date of publication, age, or gender. Our exclusion criteria include reviews, case series, case reports, unextractable data, unavailable full text, abstract only articles, and studies don't show the effects of VR as a treatment for UI. A pre\u2010specified search term was used and modified according to the requirements of each of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Google scholar, and ScienceDirect. For risk of bias assessment, two assessment tools have been used: ROB 2.0 for RCTs and NIH for single arm studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 915 papers identified from 6 databases, 341 papers were assigned for screening after removing duplicates, 11 papers were eligible for full text screening, and 4 papers were finally included. The qualitative analysis of the results identifies six outcomes grouped into three primary categories: PFM, urinary symptoms, and quality of life. Only urinary loss outcome was eligible for meta\u2010analysis. The net effect between Game therapy\u00a0+\u00a0PFMT and PFMT reached MD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22125.49, 95% CI [\u221212.36:1.38] (heterogeneity; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a095%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our research underscores the potential of VR gaming as a valuable adjunctive therapy for pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation in patients with UI. However, further studies are needed to explore its long\u2010term effectiveness, optimal therapy parameters, and cost\u2010effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022384500).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.2112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1723097780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Virtual reality gaming for rehabilitation of patients with urinary incontinence: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagar E.","family":"Lialy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy Cairo University  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid Ali","family":"Abdalrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira  Wad Madani Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Elsebaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Fouad","family":"Abdrabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Tanta University  Tanta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Emara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"College of Medicine University of Sharjah  Sharjah UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Mosad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Platform  Giza Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy Benha University  Benha Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2244-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elsaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Delta University for Science and Technology  Dakahlia Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1402\u201052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1576\/toag.13.3.143.27665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100041\u20101733979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200434070\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.11.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002\u20109378(94)70231\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3283468da3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010760.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20842"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Incontinence: Symptoms & Treatment. (2023). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.urologyhealth.org\/urology\u2010a\u2010z\/u\/urinary\u2010incontinence"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22436"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930140206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034\u201089102004000300015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031\u20109406(05)61108\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Linh N. T. &Yana P.(2022).Urinary incontinence."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2019.0207"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Pharmacology: Impact on bladder function","volume":"44","author":"Moore K. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ostomy\/Wound Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt\u2010rbf.2014.0148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15635"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"Pelvic Floor Muscle Function and Strength. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.physio\u2010pedia.com\/Pelvic_Floor_Muscle_Function_and_Strength"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Pelvic Floor Muscles: Anatomy Function & Conditions. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/body\/22729\u2010pelvic\u2010floor\u2010muscles"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WEVR.2015.7151688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"Resnick N. M.(2011).Campbell\u2013walsh urology(10th ed.)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029\u20107844(02)02241\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100\u201072032010000600004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2142666.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20105415.1998.tb06009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029\u20107844(97)00537\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","unstructured":"Types of urinary incontinence. (2014). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/bladder\u2010and\u2010bowel\/types\u2010of\u2010urinary\u2010incontinence.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"Urinary Incontinence. (2010). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.physio\u2010pedia.com\/Urinary_Incontinence"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"Urinary Incontinence. (2024). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/urinaryincontinence.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","unstructured":"Urinary Incontinence in Women. (2022). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/health\/conditions\u2010and\u2010diseases\/urinary\u2010incontinence\/urinary\u2010incontinence\u2010in\u2010women"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"Weiss P. L.(2014).Textbook of neural repair and rehabilitation."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"5283","article-title":"Effects of combined behavioral intervention and tolterodine on patient\u2010reported outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Wyman J. F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Urology"}],"container-title":["Physiotherapy Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pri.2112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T11:06:58Z","timestamp":1743764818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pri.2112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pri.2112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pri.2112","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1358-2267","1471-2865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1358-2267","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2112"}}