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While pharmacological treatments are available, concerns over side effects highlight the need to explore non\u2010pharmacological approaches. This study compared the short\u2010term effects of strengthening exercises and Tai Chi on menstrual symptoms, pain, and self\u2010reported stress, anxiety, and depression in women with primary dysmenorrhea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This randomized controlled trial included 90 women aged 18\u201325\u00a0years with primary dysmenorrhea. Participants were randomly assigned to strengthening exercises, Tai Chi, or a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a030 per group). Interventions were conducted for 4\u00a0weeks with five sessions per week. The primary outcome was menstrual symptom severity measured using the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ). Pain intensity and emotional distress were assessed using a 0\u201310 visual analog scale (VAS) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS\u201021), respectively. Baseline\u2010adjusted repeated\u2010measures ANCOVA was used to test group\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0time interactions with baseline values included as covariates to account for baseline variability between groups. Post hoc analysis with Holm adjustment was performed where appropriate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant baseline\u2010adjusted group\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0time interactions were observed for the primary outcome, menstrual symptoms as well as pain intensity, stress, anxiety, and depression (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), with both intervention groups demonstrating greater short\u2010term reductions than the control group. Strengthening exercises were associated with comparatively greater reductions in pain intensity (mean difference\u00a0=\u00a03.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and menstrual symptoms (mean difference\u00a0=\u00a026.56,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), relative to Tai Chi. Tai Chi demonstrated comparatively larger short\u2010term improvements in stress (mean difference\u00a0=\u00a09.04,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and anxiety scores (mean difference\u00a0=\u00a06.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), relative to strengthening exercises. Both interventions significantly reduced depression scores compared with control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strengthening exercises and Tai Chi were associated with short\u2010term changes in symptoms and self\u2010reported mental health scores over 4\u00a0weeks; however, given the short intervention period, reliance on self\u2010reported outcomes, and greater contextual exposure in the supervised intervention groups compared with the control group, findings should be interpreted cautiously as context\u2010dependent effects rather than definitive evidence of specific therapeutic mechanisms. Replication using attention\u2010matched comparators and longer follow\u2010up is needed to clarify the durability and specificity of effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trials Registry\u2010India (CTRI): CTRI\/2022\/06\/043223<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1776956967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empowering Women Through Movement: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Strengthening Exercises and Tai Chi on Menstrual Symptoms, Pain, and Psychological Outcomes in Primary Dysmenorrhea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shikshita","family":"Sharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy School of Allied Health Sciences Manav Rachna International Institute of Research &amp; Studies, (MRIIRS)  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7353-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy School of Allied Health Sciences Manav Rachna International Institute of Research &amp; Studies, (MRIIRS)  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre\u2010Clinical Affairs College of Nursing QU Health Sector Qatar University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moattar Raza","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Science Santosh Deemed to be University  Ghaziabad Delhi NCR India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S158847"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910142"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906\u2010019\u20102433\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5392\/ijoc.2012.8.2.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2017.1300397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"deArruda G. 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