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Only English\u2010language studies comparing rTMS with sham stimulation were included. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was applied as effect sizes. The Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID) was applied to interpret the clinical relevance of findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve studies comprising 457 patients were included. Using a random\u2010effects model, active rTMS reduced Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS\u2010III) scores compared with sham stimulation (SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.40, 95% CI: \u22120.59 to \u22120.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Long\u2010term benefits were also observed, with a modest improvement in UPDRS\u2010III scores at 1\u2010month follow\u2010up compared with baseline (SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.43, 95% CI: \u22120.67 to \u22120.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0004). Subgroup analyses suggested moderate\u2010to\u2010large effects for daily stimulation protocols (SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.67, 95% CI: \u22121.12 to \u22120.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003). According to the GRADE criteria, the overall quality of evidence was rated as moderate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled evidence supports the short\u2010term and long\u2010term efficacy of rTMS in improving motor performance among Parkinson's patients. Based on current evidence, an rTMS protocol involving daily consecutive stimulation may yield therapeutic benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our meta\u2010analysis is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420250655158).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:35:02Z","timestamp":1783006502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and Modulating Factors of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Motor Function in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2374-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaying","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7188-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7840-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055\u2010021\u201001048\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312445636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474\u20104422(18)30295\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978\u20100\u201012\u2010819410\u20102.00010\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.Ed000142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.11.038"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease in Europe: A Collaborative Study of Population\u2010Based Cohorts. 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