{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1790709754522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Objective measures should be combined with subjective assessments to monitor pain and discomfort, particularly in sports with a high prevalence of atraumatic injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reliability of pressure pain threshold (PPT) measurements in competitive swimmers and to explore the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on PPT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010seven swimmers were included in the study. PPT was measured bilaterally in 10 muscles of the upper and lower limbs and trunk using a hand\u2010held algometer. Two trained physiotherapists performed four consecutive evaluations on the same day, with a 5\u2010min interval between repeated measures, in randomized order to minimize carryover effects. Intrinsic variables included age, body mass index, shoulder pain, injury history, and years of practice. Extrinsic variables included swimming style, swimming distance, competitive level, training frequency, and training duration. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and coefficient of variation. The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on PPT was explored using multivariate analysis of variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reliability varied from good to excellent across all muscles, with ICC values between 0.75 and 0.95. Descriptive data indicated that swimmers competing at the national level had higher PPT values compared with regional\/state athletes, and butterfly specialists showed slightly higher PPTs. Across all participants, lower limb muscles consistently exhibited higher PPT values than upper limb muscles (e.g.,\u00a0rectus femoris mean 4.2\u00a0kg\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      vs. biceps brachii mean 2.8\u00a0kg\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reliability was high across all muscles, and PPT differences observed appear to reflect training level, stroke specialization, and muscle group characteristics rather than intrinsic or injury\u2010related factors. Furthermore, applications up to 5 kgf are safe and well tolerated in the lower limb, which differs from the usual threshold of 2.55 kgf commonly used in the upper limb.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T17:20:32Z","timestamp":1782667232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reliability of Pressure Pain Threshold Measurements of\u00a0Upper and Lower Limb Muscles of Young Swimmers: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Carrion Caldeira Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2740-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via","family":"Alves de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1460-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helo\u00edsa","family":"Paes de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8167-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreira de Castro Pereira Perez Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8339-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaque","family":"Machado da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6411-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Zacharias de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0213-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Marcelo","family":"Pastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy Sao Paulo State University  Sao Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0000000000001603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026404101317015447"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167\u2010013\u20102558\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Biomechanics in Applications","author":"Barbosa T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637231196647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s248664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102020\u2010103717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14052036"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain Among Swimmers in an Elite National Tournament","volume":"10","author":"Almeida M. 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