{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:26:24Z","timestamp":1787304384214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Res Intl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate differences in spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with transfemoral (TFA) and transtibial amputation (TTA) compared with physically able individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review with meta\u2010analysis was conducted according to the MOOSE guidelines. Cross\u2010sectional studies or clinical trials that assessed spatiotemporal gait parameters in adults with unilateral TFA or TTA were included. Searches were performed in Medline (via PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Embase using descriptors related to amputation and gait. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute scale for cross\u2010sectional studies, whereas the meta\u2010analysis was performed using quantitative data for the following outcomes: walking speed, step length, stride length, step width, cadence, stance time, swing time, step time, or stride time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 12 cross\u2010sectional studies involving 150 individuals with amputation (86 TTA and 64 TFA) and 138 healthy controls were included. Meta\u2010analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in walking speed (mean difference of \u22120.24; 95% CI \u22120.32 to \u22120.17;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a061%) and cadence (mean difference of \u22126.01; 95% CI \u22129.69 to \u22122.34;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 54%) in patients with amputation compared with healthy individuals. A reduction in stride length (mean difference of \u221211.71; 95% CI \u221223.37 to \u22120.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.05;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 85%) and an increase in step width (mean difference of 5.22; 95% CI 2.99 to 7.45;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 71%) were also observed. Step time showed no significant difference between groups (mean difference of 0.06; 95% CI \u22120.01 to 0.14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.11;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 93%). Patients with TFA amputation exhibited greater impairment in gait variables, particularly cadence, when compared with a healthy individual.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with lower limb amputation present with functionally compromised gait, characterized by reduced walking speed. Increased step width and reduced stride length are findings that may suggest compensatory strategies during gait and improved balance, which are important requirements for amputee patients. These findings reinforce the need for rehabilitation interventions focused on improving propulsion and postural safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO: CRD42024620098<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:51:42Z","timestamp":1787302302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alterations in Spatiotemporal Parameters in Patients With Lower\u2010Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review With Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Augusto Mendes","family":"Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Integrative Health Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP)  Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Auler","family":"Brodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics University of Caxias do Sul  Caxias do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1106-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adna Thalita do Nascimento","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Rehabilitation Center Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP)  Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6420-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela Regina de Lima","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Rehabilitation Center Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP)  Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia Barboza de","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Integrative Health Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP)  Recife Pernambuco Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.12.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649309164360"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u20100003\u201010\u201098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214711"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2023.133722"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.11.0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/PTJ.20130431"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/APMR.2001.25079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/67022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364615596066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966\u20106362(02)00066\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.681188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2012\u20100056"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2021.1990449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.04.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"The Effect of Five Prosthetic Feet on the Gait and Loading of the Sound Limb in Dysvascular Below\u2010Knee Amputees","volume":"32","author":"Snyder R. 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