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We have cloned the cDNA of one of the toxin components, SUL\u2010I, which is a rhamnose\u2010binding lectin (RBL) that acts as a mitogen through binding to carbohydrate chains on target cells. Recombinant SUL\u2010I (rSUL\u2010I) was produced in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> cells, and its carbohydrate\u2010binding specificity was examined with the glycoconjugate microarray analysis, which suggested that potential target carbohydrate structures are galactose\u2010terminated N\u2010glycans. rSUL\u2010I exhibited mitogenic activity for murine splenocyte cells and toxicity against Vero cells. The three\u2010dimensional structure of the rSUL\u2010I\/<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010rhamnose complex was determined by X\u2010ray crystallographic analysis at a 1.8 \u00c5 resolution. The overall structure of rSUL\u2010I is composed of three distinctive domains with a folding structure similar to those of CSL3, a RBL from chum salmon (<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus keta<\/jats:italic>) eggs. The bound <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010rhamnose molecules are mainly recognized by rSUL\u2010I through hydrogen bonds between its 2\u2010, 3\u2010, and 4\u2010hydroxy groups and Asp, Asn, and Glu residues in the binding sites, while Tyr and Ser residues participate in the recognition mechanism. It was also inferred that SUL\u2010I may form a dimer in solution based on the molecular size estimated via dynamic light scattering as well as possible contact regions in its crystal structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]],"date-time":"2017-05-03T23:53:03Z","timestamp":1493855583000},"page":"1574-1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Carbohydrate recognition by the rhamnose\u2010binding lectin SUL\u2010I with a novel three\u2010domain structure isolated from the venom of globiferous pedicellariae of the flower sea urchin <i>Toxopneustes pileolus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tomomitsu","family":"Hatakeyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University 852\u20108521 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Ichise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University 852\u20108521 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Unno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University 852\u20108521 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Goda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University 852\u20108521 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University 852\u20108521 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