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The double membrane of mitochondria provides a tightly gated environment through which carrier proteins facilitate the exchange of substrates including nucleotides, ions, metabolites, cofactors and vitamins. The biogenesis of the carrier family relies on the coordinated action of the TOM and TIM22 complexes, which direct the translocation of nuclear\u2010encoded precursors across the outer membrane (TOM) and their integration into the mitochondrial inner membrane (TIM22). Due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the carrier precursors, their import pathway requires chaperones in both the cytosol and intermembrane space to maintain solubility and prevent aggregation during transit. Given their central role in metabolism, dysfunction of the biogenesis machinery or the carrier proteins has serious consequences to human health. 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