{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:50:47Z","timestamp":1791805847898,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008118","name":"Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Protein Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human papillomavirus L1 protein spontaneously folds and assembles into 60\u2009nm virus\u2010like particles (VLP), with\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097d icosahedral symmetry at high salt concentrations but not in low salt. Rapid increase from low to high salt during the assembly process gives poor\u2010quality VLPs, while slowly increasing salt, over as many as 48\u2009h, gives rise to high\u2010quality VLPs. Insight into this behavior is drawn from a computational model based on the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo\u2010EM) structure of the human papillomavirus Type 16 VLP. Electrostatic potential energy barriers were calculated using the linearized Poisson\u2013Boltzmann equation. After initial, rapid oligomerization of monomers into symmetrical pentamers (capsomeres), these units form pairwise interactions in energetic order, lowest barrier first. But at high salt concentrations, the energetic barriers are more or less equal and irregular particles form, both in simulation and in experiments. The interaction interfaces were modified by mutation to favor the smaller, 30\u2009nm\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091 icosahedral symmetry and disfavor\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097d symmetry. The results were smaller particles. By carefully controlling ionic strength, and\/or by mutating interface residues by design, it is possible to make high quality, highly immunogenic VLPs directly from unpurified bacterial lysate, without requiring the use of a disassembly\/reassembly step.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.70824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1791805001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The assembly pathway for human papillomavirus\n                    <scp>L1<\/scp>\n                    capsid protein is encoded in electrostatic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute  Troy New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9201-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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