{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:20:42Z","timestamp":1783646442411,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,14]],"date-time":"2007-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1181779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) in the prostate has been proposed to be a precursor to prostate cancer. CCAAT\/enhancer\u2010binding protein beta (C\/EBP\u03b2) is an important transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Activation of C\/EBP\u03b2 plays a crucial role during the initial stage of cyclo\u2010oxygenase 2 (COX\u20102) induction by proinflammatory mediators. Overexpression of C\/EBP\u03b2 has been reported in several human tumors. Nevertheless, the C\/EBP\u03b2 expression and functions in human prostate tissue are basically unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>C\/EBP\u03b2 immunohistochemical staining was performed on 45 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) samples. The expression of C\/EBP\u03b2 in PIA lesions and normal\u2010appearing acini was analyzed. In addition, by using double\u2010IHC staining, C\/EBP\u03b2 expression and the association with chronic inflammatory cell density, co\u2010expression of COX\u20102 and androgen receptor (AR) were also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>C\/EBP\u03b2 was occasionally observed in normal\u2010appearing prostate acini (4.9%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7%, Mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) but was clearly overexpressed in PIA lesions (81.8%\u2009\u00b1\u200916.4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Atrophic glands with T\u2010lymphocyte and macrophage inflammation expressed higher level of C\/EBP\u03b2. Furthermore, C\/EBP\u03b2 correlated significantly with COX\u20102 expression. Downregulation of the AR was common in PIA and was also related to the C\/EBP\u03b2 overexpression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data demonstrated that chronic inflammation appeared to play roles in the induction of C\/EBP\u03b2 expression in prostate epithelium, which was in turn associated with increased COX\u20102 expression and AR downregulation. In combining with other molecular alteration in the epithelium of PIA, it is suggested that these cells might be a kind of intermediate cells and involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Prostate 67: 1238\u20131246, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,14]],"date-time":"2007-06-14T18:17:43Z","timestamp":1181845063000},"page":"1238-1246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Increased expression of CCAAT\/enhancer\u2010binding protein beta in proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate: Relation with the expression of COX\u20102, the androgen receptor, and presence of focal chronic 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