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However, the structural and functional aspects of the human prostate\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (PALT) have never been extensively explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article describes our investigation of this issue by means of immunohistological, confocal, and ultrastructural examination of the normal human prostate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>PALT consists of two main components: (1) intraepithelial leukocytes, namely CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells with prevalent CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD45RA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD45RO<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> phenotype, sometimes CD69<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, followed by CD94<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK, CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DCs, some expressing CD86, DC\u2010SIGN<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DCs and a few B lymphocytes; (2) lymphoid aggregates, frequently below the epithelia, arranged in B cell follicles, endowed with a central ICAM\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>VCAM\u20101<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FDCs network expressing BLC\/CXCL13, and parafollicular T cell areas crossed by PNAd<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>HEV\u2010like vessels showing SLC\/CCL21 expression. Parafollicular areas were formed of prevalent CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T lymphocytes, both CD45RA<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and CD45RO<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and intermingled with CD11c<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>DCs. Germinal\u2010center\u2010containing follicles are few and their parafollicular areas are scantily infiltrated by Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> highly suppressive regulatory T cells. Most lymphoid follicles lack a distinct germinal center and their parafollicular area harbor numerous Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparison with the tonsils shows that PALT displays immunomorphological features required for the onset of cellular and humoral immune responses, while its T regulatory cells appear to function as suppressor\u2010regulators of T and B cell responses. Prostate 67: 1070\u20131080, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T15:47:45Z","timestamp":1178034465000},"page":"1070-1080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The prostate\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (PALT) is linked to the expression of homing chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Emma Di","family":"Carlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Magnasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"D'Antuono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Tenaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830190310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200302000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012491543-5\/50095-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0233-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.3.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0697-161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.11816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v24.i1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"1892","article-title":"Evidence for a common mucosal immunologic system. 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