{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T18:58:18Z","timestamp":1761418698266,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,28]],"date-time":"2010-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FONCYT-ANPCyT"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are strongly involved in the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, their participation in prostatitis has not been completely elucidated. Thus, we aimed to characterize the response of normal SMC to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary prostate SMCs from normal rats were stimulated with LPS (0.1, 1, or 10\u2009\u00b5g\/ml) for 24 or 48\u2009hr. The phenotype was evaluated by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot of SMC\u03b1\u2010actin (ACTA2), calponin, vimentin, and tenascin\u2010C, while the innate immune response was assessed by immunodetection of TLR4, CD14, and nuclear NF\u2010\u03baB. The secretion of TNF\u03b1 and IL6 was determined using ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial LPS induces SMCs to develop a secretory phenotype including dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae with well\u2010developed Golgi complexes. Furthermore, SMCs displayed a decrease in ACTA2 and calponin, and an increase in vimentin levels after LPS challenge. The co\u2010expression of ACTA2 and vimentin, together with the induction of tenascin\u2010C expression indicate that a myofibroblastic\u2010like phenotype was induced by the endotoxin. Moreover, LPS elicited a TLR4 increase, with a peak in NF\u2010\u03baB activation occurring after 10\u2009min of treatment. Finally, LPS stimulated the secretion of IL6 and TNF\u03b1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate SMCs are capable of responding to LPS in vitro by dedifferentiating from a contractile to a miofibroblastic\u2010like phenotype and secreting cytokines, with the TLR4 signaling pathway being involved in this response. In this way, prostate SMCs may contribute to the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases by modifying the epithelial\u2013stromal interactions. 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