{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:38:47Z","timestamp":1771000727556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glycoprotein transmembrane nmb (GPNMB) gene was originally identified in osteoblasts and belongs to the pmel\u201017\/nmb family. The function or regulation of GPNMB in the human prostate remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of GPNMB in prostate carcinoma cells were determined by real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010qPCR) and immunoblot assays. Effects of ectopic GPNMB overexpression on cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis were determined by <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010thymidine incorporation, matrigel invasion, soft agar cloning assays, and murine xenograft study. Effects of GPNMB, p53, and androgen on target gene were assessed using RT\u2010PCR, immunoblotting, and transient gene expression assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vitro analysis using several prostate cell lines suggested that expression of GPNMB may be relevant to the extent of neoplasia. Ectopic overexpression of GPNMB significantly attenuated cell proliferation and invasion and exerted antitumorigenic activity on PC\u20103 cells in vitro and in vivo. GPNMB overexpression induced the gene expressions of N\u2010myc downstream regulated gene 1 (Ndrg1) and maspin in PC\u20103 cells. Doxorubicin treatment or transient overexpression of p53 increased GPNMB expression. Androgen (R1881) treatment has a divergent effect on gene expression of prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) and GPNMB in LNCaP cells. Androgen treatment enhanced cell proliferation but downregulated GPNMB protein expression in stably overexpressed androgen receptor (AR) CA\u2010HPV\u201010 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together these results suggest that GPNMB gene is a p53\u2010 and androgen\u2010dysregulated gene and should be regarded as an anti\u2010tumor gene for prostate cancer. The enhancement of Ndrg1 and maspin gene expressions may account for the anti\u2010proliferative and anti\u2010invasive function of GPNMB in PC\u20103 cells. Prostate 72:1431\u20131442, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T16:43:53Z","timestamp":1327941833000},"page":"1431-1442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Glycoprotein transmembrane nmb: An androgen\u2010downregulated gene attenuates cell invasion and tumorigenesis in prostate carcinoma 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