{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:42:49Z","timestamp":1791549769613,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prostatic inflammation has been linked to a number of prostatic diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis syndromes, and prostate cancer. Major unanswered questions include what pathogenic mechanisms, such as bacterial infections, may drive the accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates in the human prostate, and how inflammation might contribute to disease. To study this potential link in an in vivo system, we developed a mouse model of long\u2010term bacteria\u2010induced chronic inflammation of the prostate using a human prostatectomy\u2010derived strain of\n                      <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      C57BL\/6J mice were inoculated, via urethral catheterization, with vehicle control or a prostatectomy\u2010derived strain of\n                      <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PA2). Animals were assessed at 2 days, 1, 2, or 8 weeks post\u2010inoculation via histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PA2 inoculation resulted in severe acute and chronic inflammation confined to the dorsal lobe of the prostate. Chronic inflammation persisted for at least 8 weeks post\u2010inoculation. Inflammatory lesions were associated with an increase in the Ki\u201067 proliferative index, and diminished Nkx3.1 and androgen receptor (AR) production. Interestingly, the observed response required live bacteria and both IHC and in situ hybridization assays for\n                      <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      indicated a potential intracellular presence of\n                      <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in prostate epithelial cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To our knowledge, this is the first mouse model of long\u2010term prostatic inflammation induced by\n                      <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and more generally, any prostatectomy\u2010derived bacterial isolate. This model may serve as a valuable preclinical model of chronic prostatic inflammation that can be used to mechanistically study the link between inflammation and prostatic disease. Prostate 73: 1007\u20131015, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T08:13:00Z","timestamp":1360138380000},"page":"1007-1015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["A mouse model of chronic prostatic inflammation using a human prostate cancer\u2010derived isolate of\n                    <i>Propionibacterium acnes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Debika Biswal","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay M.","family":"Vaghasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim 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