{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:14:57Z","timestamp":1782756897392,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2011-0012374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-0012374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is known as the most common cause of sexually transmitted infection. However, its prevalence may have been underestimated. Trichomonads are detected in prostatic tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Our objective was to investigate whether <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> could induce an inflammatory response in prostate epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cytokine production by human prostate epithelial cell (RWPE\u20101) activated with <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> was determined by ELISA and real\u2010time PCR. Intracellular ROS was evaluated by flow cytometry or spectrofluorometry. The protein levels of MAP kinase, NF\u2010\u03baB were analyzed by Western blot. The migration of neutrophil and monocyte were performed in 24\u2010well microplates with filter insert.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incubation of cells of a human prostate epithelial cell line with a live <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> T016 isolate increased expression of the inflammatory mediators IL\u20101\u03b2, CCL2, and CXCL8. In addition, ROS, MAPK, and NF\u2010\u03baB activities increased, while inhibitors of ROS, ERK, and NF\u2010\u03baB reduced IL\u20101\u03b2 production. Medium conditioned by incubation of RWPE\u20101 cells with <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> contained IL\u20101\u03b2 and stimulated the migration of human neutrophils and monocytes (THP\u20101 cell line).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> may increase IL\u20101\u03b2 expression in human prostate epithelium through activation of ROS, ERK, and NF\u2010\u03baB, and this in turn may induce the migration of neutrophils and monocytes and lead to an inflammatory response. This research is the first attempt to confirm inflammatory reaction caused by <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> in prostate epithelial cell. <jats:italic>Prostate 74:441\u2013449, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T11:34:35Z","timestamp":1386934475000},"page":"441-449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["<scp>I<\/scp>nflammatory response of prostate epithelial cells to stimulation by <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Min\u2010Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su\u2010Jeong","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na\u2010Young","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Hoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Hanyang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung\u2010Hee","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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