{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:42:14Z","timestamp":1775673734597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Medical Scholars Program and CTSA","award":["TL1 TR000447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR000447"]}]},{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translation Research Award","award":["VR1056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR1056"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007206","name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1 TR000445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01DK067049, 5P20 DK090874, 5P20 DK097782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK067049, 5P20 DK090874, 5P20 DK097782"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately one\u2010third of patients fail medical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH\/LUTS) requiring surgical intervention. Our purpose was to establish a molecular characterization for patients undergoing surgical intervention for LUTS to address therapeutic deficiencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical, molecular, and histopathological profiles were analyzed in 26 patients undergoing surgery for severe LUTS. Incidental transitional zone nodules were isolated from 37 patients with mild symptoms undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clinical parameters including age, prostate volume, medication, prostate specific antigen, symptom score, body mass index, and incidence of diabetes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustments for potential confounding variables was used to examine associations between patient clinical characteristics and molecular targets identified through molecular profiling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to incidental BPH, progressive symptomatic BPH was associated with increased expression of the activating protein\u20101 transcription factor\/chemokine network. As expected, inverse correlations were drawn between androgen receptor levels and age, as well as between 5\u03b1\u2010reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment and tissue prostate specific antigen levels; however, a novel association was also drawn between 5ARI treatment and increased <jats:italic>c\u2010FOS<\/jats:italic> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides molecular evidence that a network of pro\u2010inflammatory activating protein\u20101 transcription factors and associated chemokines are highly enriched in symptomatic prostate disease, a profile that molecularly categorizes with many other chronic autoimmune diseases. Because 5ARI treatment was associated with increased <jats:italic>c\u2010FOS<\/jats:italic> expression, future studies should explore whether increased activating protein\u20101 proteins are causal factors in the development of symptomatic prostate disease, inflammation or resistance to traditional hormonal therapy. <jats:italic>Prostate<\/jats:italic> 74:669\u2013679, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T15:50:53Z","timestamp":1391615453000},"page":"669-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Surgical intervention for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is correlated with expression of the AP\u20101 transcription factor network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Opal","family":"Lin\u2010Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Fowke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon W.","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement","volume":"15","author":"McNeal JE","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"S122","article-title":"BPH: Epidemiology and comorbidities","volume":"12","author":"McVary KT","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36966-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.07.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000078083.38675.79","article-title":"AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia 2003. 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