{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:22:20Z","timestamp":1790630540179,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]],"date-time":"2014-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RSG-04-170-01-CNE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-04-170-01-CNE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011866","name":"Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TL1 TR000155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR000155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic prostatic inflammation may lead to prostate cancer development. Growth differentiation factor\u201015 (GDF\u201015) is highly expressed in the prostate and has been associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the relationship between GDF\u201015 and prostatic inflammation, GDF\u201015 expression was measured by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in human prostatectomy specimens containing inflammation. The relationship between GDF\u201015 and specific inflammatory cells was determined using non\u2010biased computer image analysis. To provide insight into a potential suppressive role for GDF\u201015 in inflammation, activation of inflammatory mediator nuclear factor of kappa B (NF\u03baB) was measured in PC3 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GDF\u201015 expression in luminal epithelial cells was decreased with increasing inflammation severity, suggesting an inverse association between GDF\u201015 and inflammation. Quantification of IHC staining by image analysis for GDF\u201015 and inflammatory cell markers revealed an inverse correlation between GDF\u201015 and CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, and inos+ leukocytes. GDF\u201015 suppressed NF\u03baB activity in luciferase reporter assays. Expression of the NF\u03baB target, interleukin 8 (IL\u20108), was downregulated by GDF\u201015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The inverse relationship between GDF\u201015 and inflammation demonstrates a novel expression pattern for GDF\u201015 in the human prostate and suppression of NF\u03baB activity may shed light on a potential mechanism for this inverse correlation.\n                      <jats:italic>Prostate 75:255\u2013265, 2015<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]],"date-time":"2014-10-18T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1413632127000},"page":"255-265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Reduced expression of GDF\u201015 is associated with atrophic inflammatory lesions of the prostate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"James R.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon J.","family":"Whitson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Iczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G.","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Storey","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen C.","family":"Torkko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid H.","family":"Gari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Scott","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000142058.99614.ff"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2011.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020110718701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-829-4_33"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000093048.96273.aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.3.9.1130"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.59.4.901"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-10-0342"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2009.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.10.3216","article-title":"IL\u20108 production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 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