{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:43:09Z","timestamp":1779201789055,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean Government","award":["NRF-2014R1A2A2A01005449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014R1A2A2A01005449"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis in women, and urethritis and prostatitis in men. IL\u20101\u03b2 is synthesized as immature pro\u2010IL\u20101\u03b2, which is cleaved by activated caspase\u20101. Caspase\u20101 is, in turn, activated by a multi\u2010protein complex known as an inflammasome. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory response of a prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE\u20101) to <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and, specifically, the capacity of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>RWPE\u20101 cells were stimulated by live <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, and subsequent expression of pro\u2010IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20101\u03b2, NLRP3, ASC and caspase\u20101 was determined by real\u2010time PCR and Western blotting. IL\u20101\u03b2 and caspase\u20101 production was also measured by ELISA. To evaluate the effects of NLRP3 and caspase\u20101 on IL\u20101\u03b2 production, the activated RWPE\u20101 cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs to silence the NLRP3 and caspase\u20101 genes. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by spectrofluorometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>When RWPE\u20101 cells were stimulated with live <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, the mRNA and protein expression of IL\u20101\u03b2, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase\u20101 increased. Moreover, silencing of NLRP3 and caspase\u20101 attenuated <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced IL\u20101\u03b2 secretion. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI and high extracellular potassium ion suppressed the production of IL\u20101\u03b2, caspase\u20101, and the expression of NLRP3 and ASC proteins. The specific NF\u2010\u03baB inhibitor, Bay 11\u20137082, inhibited IL\u20101\u03b2 production, and also inhibited the production of caspase\u20101, ASC and NLRP3 proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> induces the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human prostate epithelial cells via ROS and potassium ion efflux, and this results in IL\u20101\u03b2 production. This is the first evidence for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the inflammatory response by prostate epithelial cells infected with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Prostate 76:885\u2013896, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,9]],"date-time":"2016-03-09T23:57:57Z","timestamp":1457567877000},"page":"885-896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> induces IL\u20101\u03b2 production in a human prostate epithelial cell line by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome via reactive oxygen species and potassium ion efflux"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Na\u2010Yeong","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology Hanyang University College of Medicine Hanyang University 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