{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:07:15Z","timestamp":1792782435529,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dai-ichi Sankyo Pharmaceutical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined whether urine reflux into the prostate can induce prostatic inflammation in a rat and evaluated the effect of \u03b11\u2010adrenoreceptor antagonist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experiment 1: Male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were injected with 500\u2009\u00b5l of Evans Blue through the urethral orifice. Intravesical pressure was measured, and the prostate was excised to evaluate urine reflux. Experiment 2: Rats were injected with 500\u2009\u00b5l urine or saline (control) from the urethral orifice. Silodosin (200\u2009\u00b5g\/kg\/day) was administered to the silodosin group. We evaluated histopathology, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers of the prostate on day 7, after assessing the prostatic microcirculation and cystometrogram.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experiment 1: The histopathology showed that Evans Blue instilled through the urethral orifice entered the prostatic ducts. Intravesical pressure during Evans Blue instillation was 47.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6 cmH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error). Experiment 2: On day 7 after urine instillation through the urethral orifice, histopathology showed infiltrated inflammatory cells in the peri\u2010glandular stroma. Inflammation\u2010associated proteins (IL\u20101\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and TNF\u03b1) were upregulated in the urine\u2010instilled rats but not in the silodosin group. Erythrocyte speed on the prostatic surface, immunostaining for hypoxyprobe, and quantification of oxidative stress markers (MDA and HIF\u20101\u03b1) demonstrated prostatic hypoxia in the urine\u2010instilled rats, which was ameliorated in the silodosin group. Cystometrogram revealed a shorter intercontraction interval in the urine\u2010instilled rats, which was prolonged in the silodosin group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urine reflux into the prostatic duct induces abacterial prostatitis. Silodosin relieved prostatic inflammation and bladder overactivity by increasing microcirculation in the prostate.\n                      <jats:italic>Prostate 77:164\u2013172, 2017<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T01:06:47Z","timestamp":1475111207000},"page":"164-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intraprostatic Reflux of Urine Induces Inflammation in a Rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Funahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa\u2010ku Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Majima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa\u2010ku Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Matsukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa\u2010ku Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tokunori","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa\u2010ku Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Morioka\u2010cho Ohbu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momokazu","family":"Gotoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa\u2010ku Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Summary Statement. 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