{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:23:20Z","timestamp":1780957400542,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]],"date-time":"2019-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["124264\u2010RSG\u201013\u2010012\u201001\u2010CNE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124264\u2010RSG\u201013\u2010012\u201001\u2010CNE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006280","name":"Urology Care Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D, a hormone that acts through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), upregulates antitumorigenic microRNA in prostate epithelium. This may contribute to the lower levels of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) observed in patients with high serum vitamin D. The small noncoding RNA (ncRNA) landscape includes many other RNA species that remain uncharacterized in prostate epithelium and their potential regulation by vitamin D is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by small\u2010RNA sequencing was used to identify ncRNAs in the prostate epithelium of tissues from a vitamin D\u2010supplementation trial. VDR chromatin immunoprecipitation\u2010sequencing was performed to identify vitamin D genomic targets in primary prostate epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isolation of epithelium by LCM increased sample homogeneity and captured more diversity in ncRNA species compared with publicly available small\u2010RNA sequencing data from benign whole prostate. An abundance of PIWI\u2010interacting RNAs (piRNAs) was detected in normal prostate epithelium. The obligate binding partners of piRNAs, PIWI\u2010like (PIWIL) proteins, were also detected in prostate epithelium. High prostatic vitamin D levels were associated with increased expression of piRNAs. VDR binding sites were located near several ncRNA biogenesis genes and genes regulating translation and differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Benign prostate epithelium expresses both piRNA and PIWIL proteins, suggesting that these small ncRNA may serve an unknown function in the prostate. Vitamin D may increase the expression of prostatic piRNAs. VDR binding sites in primary prostate epithelial cells are consistent with its reported antitumorigenic functions and a role in ncRNA biogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]],"date-time":"2019-03-24T13:40:01Z","timestamp":1553434801000},"page":"840-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High levels of PIWI\u2010interacting RNAs are present in the small RNA landscape of prostate epithelium from vitamin D clinical trial specimens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Bethany","family":"Baumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College 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