{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:11:27Z","timestamp":1768338687762,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006364","name":"Institut National Du Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA006973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA006973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006364","name":"Institut National Du Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32190194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32190194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The protist \n<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> causes a common, sexually transmitted infection and has been proposed to contribute to the development of chronic prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which it involves the prostate in the current antimicrobial era. We addressed this question by investigating the relation between \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> antibody serostatus and serum prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) concentration, a marker of prostate infection, inflammation, and\/or cell damage, in young, male, US military members.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We measured \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> serum IgG antibodies and serum total PSA concentration in a random sample of 732 young, male US active duty military members. Associations between \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> serostatus and PSA were investigated by linear regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Of the 732 participants, 341 (46.6%) had a low \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> seropositive score and 198 (27.0%) had a high score, with the remainder seronegative. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of PSA by \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> serostatus. However, slightly greater, nonsignificant differences were observed when men with high \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> seropositive scores were compared with seronegative men, and when higher PSA concentrations were examined (\u22650.70\u2009ng\/mL). Specifically, 42.5% of men with high seropositive scores had a PSA concentration greater than or equal to 0.70\u2009ng\/mL compared with 33.2% of seronegative men (adjusted \n<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.125).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Overall, our findings do not provide strong support for prostate involvement during \n<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection, although our suggestive positive findings for higher PSA concentrations do not rule out this possibility entirely. These suggestive findings may be relevant for prostate condition development because higher early\u2010 to mid\u2010life PSA concentrations have been found to predict greater prostate cancer risk later in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T00:35:49Z","timestamp":1564792549000},"page":"1622-1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i> infection and prostate\u2010specific antigen concentration: Insights into prostate involvement and prostate disease risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4777-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin E.","family":"Langston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis 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Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"The Quinism Foundation White River Junction Vermont"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratna","family":"Pakpahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannah","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo M.","family":"De Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Gaydos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Baltimore Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori 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