{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1776871723734,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA202690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA202690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melatonin levels are partially driven by the parenchyma volume of the pineal gland. Low urinary levels of 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin have been associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer, but the relationship between pineal gland volume and composition and prostate cancer risk has not been examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We utilized data from 864 men from the AGES\u2010Reykjavik Study with complete pineal gland volumes and urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin measurements. Pineal parenchyma, calcification, and cyst volumes were calculated from brain magnetic resonance imaging. Levels of 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin were assayed from prediagnostic urine samples. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between parenchyma volume and urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin levels. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) comparing prostate cancer risk across parenchyma volume tertiles and across categories factoring in parenchyma volume, gland composition, and urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parenchyma volume was moderately correlated with urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin level (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.24; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). There was no statistically significant association between parenchyma volume tertile and prostate cancer risk. Men with high parenchyma volume, pineal cysts and calcifications, and low urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin levels had almost twice the risk of total prostate cancer as men with low parenchyma volume, no pineal calcifications or cysts, and low urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin levels (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.84; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>: .04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although parenchyma volume is not associated with prostate cancer risk, pineal gland composition and other circadian dynamics may influence risk for prostate cancer. Additional studies are needed to examine the interplay of pineal gland volume, composition, and melatonin levels on prostate cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T00:03:33Z","timestamp":1618617813000},"page":"487-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploratory assessment of pineal gland volume, composition, and urinary 6\u2010sulfatoxymelatonin levels on prostate cancer risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Latifa A.","family":"Bazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara G.","family":"Sigurdardottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigurdur","family":"Sigurdsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icelandic Heart Association  Kopavogur Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Unnur","family":"Valdimarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Torfadottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thor","family":"Aspelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Icelandic Heart Association  Kopavogur Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Czeisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Lockley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirikur","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Landspitali University Hospital  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenore","family":"Launer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on Aging  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on Aging  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vilmundur","family":"Gudnason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Icelandic Heart Association  Kopavogur Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorelei A.","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences University of Iceland  Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Markt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416021-7.00005-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Pineal calcification, melatonin production, aging, associated health consequences and rejuvenation of the pineal gland","volume":"23","author":"Tan DX","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol J Synth Chem Nat Prod Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Pineal calcification does not affect melatonin 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