{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:23:58Z","timestamp":1788391438416,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathophysiology of the prostate enlargement underlying lower urinary tract symptoms is unknown. Meanwhile, the gut microbiota can contribute to various host conditions. We hypothesized that the gut microbiota plays a role in prostate enlargement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 128 patients who underwent prostate biopsies at our hospitals between December 2018 and March 2020, excluding those who had used antibiotics within the past 6 months and those who were diagnosed with prostate cancer of cT3 or higher. Patients with prostate volumes \u226530\u2009ml were defined as the prostate\u2010enlargement (PE) group; those with prostate volumes &lt;30\u2009ml were defined as the non\u2010PE group. Their gut microbiotas were analyzed via 16S rRNA metagenomic analyses of rectal swab samples and were compared between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PE group included 66 patients; the non\u2010PE group included 62 patients. Age, body mass index, and prostate\u2010specific antigen levels did not significantly differ between the groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis indicated a higher proportion of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in the PE group and a higher proportion of Bacteroidetes in the non\u2010PE group. The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes (F\/B) ratio was significantly higher in the PE group than in the non\u2010PE group (2.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.39 vs. 1.61\u2009\u00b1\u20090.40, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The F\/B ratio of the gut microbiota was associated with prostate enlargement. Although the detailed mechanisms are unclear, the gut microbiota might affect prostate enlargement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T19:39:49Z","timestamp":1631561989000},"page":"1287-1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human gut microbiota is associated with prostate enlargement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Takezawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita 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