{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T01:15:09Z","timestamp":1778980509561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001767","name":"National Foundation for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male dogs can develop spontaneous prostate cancer, which is similar physiologically to human disease. Recently, Tweedle and coworkers have developed an orthotopic canine prostate model allowing implanted tumors and therapeutic agents to be tested in a more translational large animal model. We used the canine model to evaluate prostate\u2010specific membrane antigen (PSMA)\u2010targeted gold nanoparticles as a theranostic approach for fluorescence (FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of early stage prostate cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs (four in total) were immunosuppressed with a cyclosporine\u2010based immunosuppressant regimen and their prostate glands were injected with Ace\u20101\u2010hPSMA cells using transabdominal ultrasound (US) guidance. Intraprostatic tumors grew in 4\u20135 weeks and were monitored by ultrasound (US). When tumors reached an appropriate size, dogs were injected intravenously (iv) with PSMA\u2010targeted nano agents (AuNPs\u2010Pc158) and underwent surgery 24\u2009h later to expose the prostate tumors for FL imaging and PDT. Ex vivo FL imaging and histopathological studies were performed to confirm PDT efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All dogs had tumor growth in the prostate gland as revealed by US. Twenty\u2010four hours after injection of PSMA\u2010targeted nano agents (AuNPs\u2010Pc158), the tumors were imaged using a Curadel FL imaging device. While normal prostate tissue had minimal fluorescent signal, the prostate tumors had significantly increased FL. PDT was\u00a0activated by irradiating specific fluorescent tumor areas with laser light (672\u2009nm). PDT bleached the FL signal, while fluorescent signals from the other unexposed tumor tissues were unaffected. Histological analysis of tumors and adjacent prostate revealed that PDT damaged the irradiated areas to a depth of 1\u20132\u2009mms with the presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, secondary inflammation, and occasional focal thrombosis. The nonirradiated areas showed no visible damages by PDT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have successfully established a PSMA\u2010expressing canine orthotopic prostate tumor model and used the model to evaluate the PSMA\u2010targeted nano agents (AuNPs\u2010Pc158) in the application of FL imaging and PDT. It was demonstrated that the nano agents allowed visualization of the cancer cells and enabled their destruction when they were irradiated with a specific wavelength of light.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T06:40:21Z","timestamp":1684737621000},"page":"1176-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of a photodynamic therapy agent using a canine prostate cancer model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 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T.","family":"Hostnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine\u2010Veterinary Medical Center The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Cath Core Lab, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Ponsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Ponomarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York City New York 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