{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1781842516823,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) parenchymal brain metastases are uncommon and troubling observations in the course of the disease. Our study aims to evaluate the prevalence of brain metastases among PCa patients while reporting various therapeutic modalities, clinical features, and oncological outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively identified 34 patients with parenchymal brain metastasis out of 4575 patients using a prospectively maintained database that contains clinicopathologic characteristics of PCa patients between January 2012 and December 2021. Based on the three treatment modalities used, the patients were divided into three groups: stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and systemic therapy alone. The Kaplan\u2013Meier curve was used to calculate overall survival [OS] probability and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the time of brain metastasis diagnosis, the median age was 66 years, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) was 2.2 (0.1\u201326.6)\u2009ng\/ml and the median (IQR) months from initial PCa diagnosis to brain metastasis development was 70.8 (27.6\u2013100.9). The median (IQR) primary Gleason score was 8 (7\u20139) and over a median (IQR) follow\u2010up time of 2.2 (1.2\u201316.5) months, 76.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200926) of the patients died. Thirteen (38.2%) patients had solitary lesion, whereas 21 (61.8%) had \u22652 lesions. The lesions were supratentorial in 19 (55.9%) patients, infratentorial in six (17.6%), and both sides in nine (26.5%). Among all 34 patients, 10 (29.4%) were treated with SRS, seven (20.6%) with WBRT, and 17 (50%) with systemic therapy alone. OS varied greatly between the three treatment modalities (log\u2010rank test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049). Those who were treated with SRS and WBRT had better OS compared with patients who were treated with systemic therapy alone (hazard ratio: 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.16\u20130.86, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our single\u2010institutional study, we confirmed that PCa brain metastasis is associated with poor survival outcomes and more advanced metastatic disease. Furthermore, we found that SRS and WBRT for brain metastasis in patients with recurrent PCa appear to be associated with improved OS as compared with systemic therapy alone and are likely secondary to selection bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T06:53:14Z","timestamp":1698648794000},"page":"237-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Treatment modalities and survival outcomes in prostate cancer parenchymal brain metastasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2002-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Tuba Kendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob J.","family":"Orme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Stish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota 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