{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:40:51Z","timestamp":1793324451168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS) leads to severe discomfort in males and loss of sperm quality. Current therapeutic options have failed to achieve satisfactory results. Sodium butyrate (NaB) plays a beneficial role in reducing inflammation, increasing antioxidant capacities, and improving organ dysfunction; additionally NaB has good safety prospects and great potential for clinical application. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of NaB on CP\/CPPS and the underlying mechanisms using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The EAP mouse model was successfully established by subcutaneously injecting a mixture of prostate antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Then, EAP mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of NaB (100, 200,\u00a0or 400\u2009mg\/kg\/day) for 16 days, from Days 26 to 42. We then explored anti\u2010inflammatory potential mechanisms of NaB by studying the effects of Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 and HO\u20101 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin\u00a0on prostate inflammation and pelvic pain using this model. On Day 42, hematoxylin\u2010eosin staining and dihydroethidium\u00a0staining were used to evaluate the histological changes and oxidative stress levels of prostate tissues. Chronic pelvic pain was assessed by applying Von Frey filaments to the lower abdomen. The levels of inflammation\u2010related cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)\u22121\u03b2, IL\u20106, and tumor necrosis factor were detected by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. The regulation of Nrf2\/HO\u20101 signaling pathway and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome\u2010related protein in EAP mice were detected by western blot analysis assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the EAP group, chronic pain development, histological manifestations, and cytokine levels showed that NaB reduced the severity of EAP. NaB treatment could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mechanism studies showed that NaB intervention could alleviate oxidative stress in EAP mice through Nrf2\/HO\u20101 signal pathway. Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway inhibitors can inhibit NaB \u2010mediated oxidative stress. The inhibitory effect of NaB on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and anti\u2010inflammatory effect can also be blocked by Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NaB treatment can alleviates prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain associated with EAP by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway. NaB has the potential as an effective agent in the treatment of EAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T05:38:56Z","timestamp":1709703536000},"page":"666-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sodium butyrate alleviates experimental autoimmune prostatitis by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Hua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 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