{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1790660175973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The influence of testosterone on the prostate's immune microenvironment remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the dynamics of immune cells in the prostate following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively compared prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens from 33 patients who underwent both procedures, along with neoadjuvant ADT at a single institution. Immune cell infiltration in the cancer and stroma areas was assessed using multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post\u2010ADT, all immune cells, including CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> regulatory T cells, CD204<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages, and CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells, significantly increased in the prostatectomy specimen. However, few immune cells were detected in the biopsy of the same patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The number of CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells in the cancer area was significantly lower post\u2010ADT in high\u2010risk cases according to the NCCN classification (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.020). This difference was significantly associated with the Gleason Grade Group, rather than PSA levels or T classification (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the recurrence rate between Grade Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.991). There was no significant difference in immune cells other than CD20<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells when divided into NCCN classifications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The marked increase in immune cells following ADT suggests an intensified immune response against prostate cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T12:33:29Z","timestamp":1732451609000},"page":"308-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dynamics in the Prostate Immune Microenvironment Induced by Androgen Deprivation Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Yanai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemotherapy The Cancer Chemotherapy Center of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Kosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology National Hospital Organization Saitama Hospital Saitama Japan"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo 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