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The risk factors examined were medical history (including venereal disease), sexual history, smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures. Study subjects were 40 prostate cancer patients and 64 benign prostatic hyperplasia controls who were newly diagnosed during 1984\u20101985 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. Subjects were white and black men aged 50 years and older. Comparisons of cases' and controls' past medical histories did not support a venereal disease hypothesis of prostate cancer etiology. The most prominent finding is an association with farming employment: 75% of cases compared to 38% of controls reported farmwork occupations. Exposures to pesticides and herbicides, while more common among the patients, did not account for the association detected for farming. No relationship was observed with cadmium exposure, the most frequently cited occupational risk factor for prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990100111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T00:46:44Z","timestamp":1172018804000},"page":"79-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Medical, life\u2010style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Harvey","family":"Checkoway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Diferdinando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara S.","family":"Hulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don D.","family":"Mickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/60.3.545","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States: 1935\u201374","volume":"60","author":"Devessa SS","year":"1978","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","series-title":"National Cancer Institute Monograph 57","volume-title":"Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results: Incidence and Mortality Data, 1973\u20131977","author":"Young JL","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents","author":"Segi M","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"938","volume-title":"Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention","author":"Greenwald P","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197108)28:2<344::AID-CNCR2820280214>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/58.3.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91551-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/53.2.335","article-title":"Cancer of the prostate among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"53","author":"Greenwald P","year":"1974","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(71)90056-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.12.6.1608-1611.1973","article-title":"Herpes virus particles in prostatic carcinoma cells","volume":"12","author":"Centifano YM","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58194-X","article-title":"Evidence for the association of cytomegalovirus with carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"118","author":"Sanford EJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/8.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"540","article-title":"Prostatic cancer and chronic respiratory and renal disease in British cadmium workers: A case\u2010control study","volume":"42","author":"Armstrong BG","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198008000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb23122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","volume-title":"Mortality in the British Rubber Industries 1967\u20131976","author":"Baxter PJ","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"209","article-title":"Cancer mortality in the British rubber industry","volume":"39","author":"Parkes HG","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990040403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"Cancer mortality in Iowa farmers, 1971\u201378","volume":"66","author":"Burmeister LF","year":"1981","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"503","article-title":"Cancer mortality among farmers","volume":"72","author":"Buesching DP","year":"1984","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"HulkaBS BeckmanW CheckowayH et al:Androgen receptors detected by autoradiography in prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplastic tissue. 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