{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:53:31Z","timestamp":1783634011540,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]],"date-time":"2006-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4948,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Essentially all prostatic carcinomas relapse to an androgen\u2010independent stage during androgen ablation therapy. The underlying genetic changes are still unclear. Such changes are suspected to affect the androgen\u2010signalling pathway as well as growth promoting and inhibiting factors. This study was undertaken to test for structural changes of the androgen receptor in prostatic tumor cell lines and primary tumors. Complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments of the androgen receptor (AR) were isolated from the cell lines LNCaP, PC\u20103, and DU 145, ten tissue specimens obtained by radical prostatectomy, and five fine\u2010needle biopsies by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Fragments encoding the hormone\u2010and DNA\u2010binding domains were analyzed by DNA sequencing. The PCR technique is highly sensitive and especially recommended for the analysis of small tissue samples, such as those obtained by fine\u2010needle aspiration.<\/jats:p><jats:p>No alterations were detected in the tissue specimens and the five fine\u2010needle aspirates. In the three tumor cell lines that represent late stages of prostatic tumor, different findings were obtained. The androgen\u2010independent DU 145 cells did not express androgen receptors, whereas the PC\u20103 cells, which are also androgen\u2010independent, expressed very low levels of normal AR. In contrast to this, the androgen\u2010dependent LNCaP cells expressed high levels of structurally abnormal androgen receptors. These results suggest that androgen receptor mutations are probably uncommon molecular events in the early stages of prostatic cancer. Qualitative and quantitative changes, however, seem to occur in advanced prostatic cancer. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990220103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T02:38:30Z","timestamp":1172025510000},"page":"11-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["DNA sequence of the androgen receptor in prostatic tumor cell lines and tissue specimens assessed by means of the polymerase chain reaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zoran","family":"Culig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Klocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felizia","family":"Kaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Hobisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus V.","family":"Cronauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990160105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101243240406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990110408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(89)90230-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990050307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"ICI 176, 334, a novel non\u2010steroidal peripherally selective antiandrogen","volume":"260","author":"Furr BJA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(89)90098-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.9.1860615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-8-3-338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90237-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870715)60:2<211::AID-CNCR2820600216>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910615)67:12<3057::AID-CNCR2820671221>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90201-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1960.tb03763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)90461-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.19.7211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.7.2485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"A simple method for direct automated sequencing of PCR fragments","volume":"11","author":"Tracy TE","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"KasparF KlockerH EberleJ BartschG:Investigation of the androgen receptor in very small amounts of tissue by means of RT\u2010PCR and direct sequencing. (German). Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der \u00d6sterreichischen Biochemischen Gesellschaft und der \u00d6sterreichischen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Genetik und Gentechnik. Salzburg. Abstraktband P5 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(90)90429-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Point mutation in the DNA binding domain of the androgen receptor in five patients with male pseudohermaphroditism","volume":"50","author":"Klocker H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Hum Gen"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"611","article-title":"Androgen resistance\u2014the clinical and molecular spectrum","volume":"326","author":"Griffin JE","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1589758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Androgen receptor heterogeneity in human prostatic carcinomas visualized by immunohistochemistry","volume":"161","author":"Ruizveld de Vinter JA","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"The transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate. (German)","volume":"9","author":"Sparwasser H","year":"1970","journal-title":"Urologe"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"857","article-title":"The prostate needle biopsy for cytological diagnosis of carcinoma. Experiences in 1500 cases. (German)","volume":"64","author":"Von Reuter HJ","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39755-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910210305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"5382","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene expression in human prostate carcinoma cell lines","volume":"50","author":"Tilley WD","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC\u20103)","volume":"17","author":"Kaighn ME","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"The LNCaP cell line\u2014a new model for studies on human prostatic carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Horoszewicz JS","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)80067-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(90)90075-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(90)90431-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990140204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990090305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(92)90083-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","first-page":"4716","article-title":"Wild\u2010type p53 suppresses growth of human prostate cancer cells containing mutant p53 alleles","volume":"51","author":"Isaacs WB","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37387-1"}],"container-title":["The Prostate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpros.2990220103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pros.2990220103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T21:01:03Z","timestamp":1698267663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pros.2990220103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pros.2990220103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.2990220103","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-4137","1097-0045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-4137","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}}}