{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:44:41Z","timestamp":1758818681272},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]],"date-time":"2006-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4948,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of residual neoplastic cells on prostatic biopsy following conventional external beam radiotherapy is reported to range from 40\u201390%. As a result, it has been stated that current modalities of radiotherapy may carry an unacceptable local failure rate even in patients irradiated for low stage disease. In order to assess the potential benefits of threedimensional (3\u2010D) treatment planning, an unselected, consecutive group of patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate was evaluated. This study was designed to determine the frequency of residual cancer in the prostate two years following definitive external beam radiotherapy designed, using a 3\u2010D planning system.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Between February 1988 and February 1989, 30 consecutive patients with localized (Stage T1 \u2010T3N<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) adenocarcinoma of the prostate received definitive external beam radiotherapy. All treatment fields were designed with a computed tomography (CT)\u2010based 3\u2010D treatment planning system, resulting in a static conformal radiotherapy plan. The minimum dose delivered to the target volume, which included the prostate, periprostatic tissues, and a 1 cm margin, was between 65 and 69 cGy. Twenty\u2010six patients had Stage T1, T2N<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> primary tumors and four were T3N<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>M<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>. Two years following the completion of treatment, all patients underwent digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound examination of the prostate with multiple biopsies, bone scan, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) determinations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Residual prostate cancer was proven by biopsy in six of 30 patients (20%). Four of 26 (15%) with Stage T1 and T2 tumors had a positive biopsy. However, two of the four Stage T3 tumors had postradiation biopsies positive for cancer (50%). Only one patient with a positive biopsy had an abnormal rectal examination. Five of the eight patients with elevated serum PSA levels after two years had residual neoplasia identified on biopsy. One of six patients with an abnormal postradiation ultrasound had residual tumor. Only one of the 22 patients (5%) with a normal serum PSA at two years had a positive postradiation biopsy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In patients with localized prostate cancer, the use of 3\u2010D static conformal radiotherapyfollowed by multiple ultrasound guided biopsies confirmed the efficacy of external beam radiotherapy in low stage disease. We believe that the low incidence of positive biopsies in this study resulted from the benefits of 3\u2010D treatment planning as well as the fact that all patients were evaluated, whereas past studies have been in selected patient groups when suspicion of residual disease existed prior to biopsy. However, the 50% posttreatment positive biopsy rate in Stage T3 and T4 tumors underscores the unsatisfactory local control even with 3\u2010D conformal radiotherapy. More aggressive treatment (e.g., neoadjuvant hormones, interstitial boost, hyperthermia, or dose escalation) may improve local control in these patients. It appears that routine postradiation biopsies may not be necessary in patients with normal serum PSA levels at two years following treatment. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990230306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,21]],"date-time":"2007-02-21T03:07:09Z","timestamp":1172027229000},"page":"235-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Frequency of residual neoplasm in the prostate following three\u2010dimensional conformal radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Forman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Montie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick W.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur T.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38746-3","article-title":"Identification of residual cancer in the prostate following radiation therapy: Role of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy and prostate specific antigen","volume":"142","author":"Kabalin JN","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45712-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Prostatic biopsy after irradiation therapy for prostatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Scardino PT","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55697-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)53019-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990030404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990050103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990030602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"700","article-title":"Histological characteristics of prostatic biopsies after 125Iodine implantation","volume":"1234","author":"Schellhammer PF","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)57150-5","article-title":"Latent residual tumor following external radiotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma","volume":"120","author":"Nachstheim DA","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197702)39:2<637::AID-CNCR2820390240>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197707)40:1<156::AID-CNCR2820400126>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58555-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197407)34:1<156::AID-CNCR2820340123>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59484-7","article-title":"Extended biopsy follow up after full course radiation for resectable prostatic carcinoma","volume":"113","author":"Sewell RA","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59485-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"HadleyDA HerrHW WuerkerRB: Evaluation of post\u2010irradiated prostate biopsy for prostatic carcinoma.Urol Surg573\u2013575 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)61539-8","article-title":"Radiation therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"105","author":"Grout DC","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)61099-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)60040-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"726","article-title":"The grading of carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Broders AC","year":"1925","journal-title":"Minn. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"1992 staging system for prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Montie JE","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sem in Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19861015)58:8<1770::AID-CNCR2820580832>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90029-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90244-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.3.8430203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(85)90086-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910215)67:4<1091::AID-CNCR2820670437>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197311)32:5<1104::AID-CNCR2820320515>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480160049033","article-title":"High 10\u2010year survival rate in patients with early, untreated prostatic cancer","volume":"267","author":"Iohansson JE","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62595-3","article-title":"Twenty single nodules of prostatic cancer not treated by total prostatectomy","volume":"100","author":"Cook GB","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"The effect on local control on metastatic dissemination in carcinoma of the prostate: Long term results in patients treated with 1125 implantation","volume":"21","author":"Fuks Z","year":"1991","journal-title":"IJROBP"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(87)90372-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Definitive radiation therapy of the prostate localized to the pelvis: Experience at the Malinckrodt Institute of Radiology","volume":"7","author":"Perez CA","year":"1988","journal-title":"NCI Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(80)90382-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","volume-title":"Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer: Stanford University Experience. Oncological Urology","author":"Bagshaw MA","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(85)90304-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(85)90239-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","unstructured":"FormanJD OrtonC EzzellG PorterAT:Hyperfractionated three dimensional conformal radiotherapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Preliminary results of a biologic dose escalation study. Radiat Oncol in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(92)90305-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90156-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990050210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990110209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(84)90165-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(89)90500-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"The role of cytoreduction prior to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced prostate","volume":"359","author":"Porter AT","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(88)90383-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38077-1"}],"container-title":["The Prostate"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fpros.2990230306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/pros.2990230306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T04:41:56Z","timestamp":1698208916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/pros.2990230306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/pros.2990230306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.2990230306","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-4137","1097-0045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-4137","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}}}