{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:37:56Z","timestamp":1772998676164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urological disorder of the prostate in aged men. Oxidative stress and environmental factors have been associated with BPH. However, information on infectious agents association with BPH remains scarce. This study aims to determine\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection and virulence gene association with BPH in patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A case\u2013control study was conducted with 61 BPH patients and 52 controls. Prostate volume (PV) was estimated for diagnosis of BPH using abdominal ultrasound. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured, and data on alcohol intake and physical exercise were obtained with questionnaire.\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was extracted from urine samples, and targeted 16S rRNA and\n                      <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene primers were used for PCR amplifications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean difference of PV between patients (55.10\u2009\u00b1\u200927.37) and controls (26.33\u2009\u00b1\u20096.37) was statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Serum MDA was significantly and positively correlated with PV (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exercise correlate inversely with prostate volume. Intriguingly, alcohol intake significantly and inversely correlated with PV (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, but not virulence, was associated with an almost 12\u2010fold increased risk of PV (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). No\n                      <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene sequence variation was observed in isolates from patients and controls. However, Ghanaian isolates displayed sequence diversity when compared with isolates from other countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, particularly variant carrying the\n                      <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence gene, was more frequent among the BPH patients. These findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection should be considered as a key factor in the management of BPH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T07:29:51Z","timestamp":1766302191000},"page":"561-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Infection and\n                    <i>fimh<\/i>\n                    Virulence With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Ghanaian Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Anang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Ngala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel N.","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Atampugbire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology\/West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Santa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osbourne","family":"Quaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology\/West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) University of Ghana Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Tagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01582-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S477396"},{"issue":"11634","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanism of Androgen\u2010Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"24","author":"Hata J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00213-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081362"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv6n5-323"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2007.09.012"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Role of Inflammation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"13","author":"Chughtai B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reviews in Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23100"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13020053"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24063"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"DC16","article-title":"Bacteriological Profile of Isolates From Urine Samples in Patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and or Prostatitis Showing Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Mishra P. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817b8eba"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Development of 16S rRNA Targeted PCR Method for the Detection of Escherichia coli in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"8","author":"Fattahi F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4844-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans and Chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura K.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195135848.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.105799"},{"issue":"169","key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute Urinary Tract Infection in Patients With Underlying Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer","volume":"36","author":"Tolani M. 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