{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:48:01Z","timestamp":1791805681151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Prostate"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biochemical recurrence (BCR) following radical prostatectomy (RP) occurs in 20%\u201340% of patients with localized prostate cancer. Neoadjuvant PROSTVAC has been shown to enhance T\u2010cell infiltration into the tumor immune microenvironment, but whether these immunologic changes translate into improved long\u2010term oncologic outcomes remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary analysis evaluated 26 patients from a Phase II neoadjuvant PROSTVAC trial who underwent RP. Patients received recombinant vaccinia\u2010PSA\u2010TRICOM priming followed by three fowlpox\u2010PSA\u2010TRICOM boosts before surgery. Tumor immune responses (CD4\u2009+\u2009\/CD8\u2009+\u2009T\u2010cell infiltration) and peripheral antigen\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses to PSA, MUC\u20101, and brachyury were previously assessed. Primary outcomes included BCR\u2010free survival (BCR\u2010FS) and metastatic progression at extended follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From May 2014 to June 2017, 26 patients were enrolled, received neoadjuvant PROSTVAC, and subsequently underwent RP. Eighteen (69.2%) patients had NCCN\u00ae unfavorable\u2010intermediate, high, or very high\u2010risk disease at baseline. At a median follow\u2010up of 8.9 years (range 7.0\u201310.1), BCR occurred in six patients (23.1%), and none developed metastatic disease. Comparing pre\u2010 and post\u2010PROSTVAC peripheral antigen\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses, patients with PSA\u2010specific immune responses had 100% 8\u2010year BCR\u2010FS, compared with 70.0% in nonresponders (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.247). Those with any tumor\u2010associated antigen response demonstrated 85.7% versus 66.7% 8\u2010year BCR\u2010FS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.149). Patients with CD4+ or CD8\u2009+\u2009T\u2010cell responses at the tumor site or invasive margin had 86.2% versus 58.9% 8\u2010year BCR\u2010FS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.257).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neoadjuvant PROSTVAC may have oncologic activity in localized prostate cancer, as we observed a longer BCR\u2010FS in immune responders and no metastatic progression in a small cohort. Further investigation of the biological mechanism by which therapeutic immunotherapy may establish durable antitumor immunity in localized prostate cancer is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.70224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:44:28Z","timestamp":1788180268000},"page":"1518-1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010Term Oncologic Outcomes of Neoadjuvant Tumor\u2010Directed Immunotherapy (PROSTVAC) Before Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of a Neoadjuvant Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Braden","family":"Millan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Kenigsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hesswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahil H.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangcheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Blachman\u2010Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Gurram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baris","family":"Turkbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Parnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Karzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee N.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immuno\u2010Oncology, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Schlom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immuno\u2010Oncology, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immuno\u2010Oncology, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland 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