{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:39:33Z","timestamp":1773297573275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proteins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronaviruses are responsible for several epidemics, including the 2002 SARS, 2012 MERS, and COVID\u201019. The emergence of recent COVID\u201019 pandemic due to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus in December 2019 has resulted in considerable research efforts to design antiviral drugs and other therapeutics against coronaviruses. In this context, it is crucial to understand the biophysical and structural features of the major proteins that are involved in virus\u2010host interactions. In the current study, we have compared spike proteins from three strains of coronaviruses NL63, SARS\u2010CoV, and SARS\u2010CoV, known to bind human angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), in terms of sequence\/structure conservation, hydrophobic cluster formation and importance of binding site residues. The study reveals that the severity of coronavirus strains correlates positively with the interaction area, surrounding hydrophobicity and interaction energy and inversely correlate with the flexibility of the binding interface. Also, we identify the conserved residues in the binding interface of spike proteins in all three strains. The systematic point mutations show that these conserved residues in the respective strains are evolutionarily favored at their respective positions. The similarities and differences in the spike proteins of the three viruses indicated in this study may help researchers to deeply understand the structural behavior, binding site properties and etiology of ACE2 binding, accelerating the screening of potential lead molecules and the development\/repurposing of therapeutic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.26024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T01:39:36Z","timestamp":1605749976000},"page":"389-398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Why are\n                    <scp>ACE2<\/scp>\n                    binding coronavirus strains\n                    <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 wild and\n                    <scp>NL63<\/scp>\n                    mild?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Puneet","family":"Rawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Madras  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherlyn","family":"Jemimah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Madras  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. K.","family":"Ponnuswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Bharathidasan University  Tiruchirapalli India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Michael","family":"Gromiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Indian Institute of Technology Madras  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400762101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.2.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"RoserM RitchieH Ortiz\u2010OspinaE HasellJ.\"Coronavirus pandemic (COVID\u201019)\".https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/coronavirus-cfr. 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