{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:03:46Z","timestamp":1791331426555,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proteins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    , remains a major neglected tropical disease (NTD) with limited therapeutic options and the absence of a universally effective vaccine. Multi\u2010epitope vaccines offer a promising strategy for combating this intracellular parasite by stimulating a robust and specific immune response. In this study, an immunoinformatics\u2010driven, in silico reverse vaccinology approach was utilized to design a multi\u2010epitope vaccine targeting key surface\u2010exposed proteins of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , namely C\u2010type lectin, Proteophosphoglycan (PPG4), Hydrophilic Acylated Surface Protein (HASP), Legume\u2010like Lectin (LLL), and Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein (KMP\u201011). These proteins are implicated in essential processes such as parasite survival, immune modulation, and host\u2010pathogen interactions, making them prime candidates for vaccine development. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to identify and screen B\u2010cell and T\u2010cell (MHC\u2010I and MHC\u2010II) epitopes for immunogenicity, antigenicity, and population coverage. Multi\u2010epitope vaccines, incorporating individual proteins or chimeric constructs, were developed with IFN\u2010gamma as an adjuvant. The vaccine constructs were prioritized based on factors such as IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values and immunogenic potential. Subsequently, the selected epitopes were analyzed for physicochemical properties, and secondary and tertiary structural predictions were made and validated. Molecular docking simulations were employed to examine the interaction of the vaccine constructs with immune receptors, ensuring optimal immune system activation. Based on the molecular docking score, the vaccine candidates were screened and top four constructs (vaccines based on C\u2010type lectin, LLL, PPG and chimeric vaccine; \u22121048.9, \u22121025.8, \u22121291.8, and \u2212852.1\u2009Kcal\/mol respectively) were processed through immunogenic simulation. This in silico analysis indicates that lectins are highly effective vaccine candidates. Further, top two constructs, based on the immunogenic simulations, underwent molecular dynamics simulations. In the end, the final constructs were computationally cloned in pET28a vector. This study underscores the potential of multi\u2010epitope vaccines as a cost\u2010effective and efficient strategy for addressing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infections, providing a foundation for subsequent experimental validation and clinical trial development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T10:22:27Z","timestamp":1767090147000},"page":"1131-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccine Design Against\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    : An Immunoinformatic Based In Silico Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2788-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aviral","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Biophysics &amp; Structural Biology Laboratory, Research &amp; Development Cell Parul University  Vadodara Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Pritam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAD, NIH  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Govil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life &amp; Basic Sciences Jaipur National University  Jaipur 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