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The study was designed to evaluate the immediate effect of esketamine, the S\u2010isomer of (\u00b1) ketamine on brain activity in awake mice using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging. It was hypothesized the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brain areas associated with reward and motivation would show a dose\u2010dependent increase in brain activity. Mice were given vehicle, 1.0, 3.3, or 10\u00a0mg\/kg esketamine I.P. and imaged for 10\u00a0min post\u2010treatment. Data for each treatment were registered to a 3D MRI mouse brain atlas providing site\u2010specific information on 134 different brain areas. There was a global change in brain activity for both positive and negative BOLD signal affecting over 50 brain areas. Many areas showed a dose\u2010dependent decrease in positive BOLD signal, for example, cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. The most common profile when comparing the three doses was a U\u2010shape with the 3.3 dose having the lowest change in signal. At 1.0\u00a0mg\/kg there was a significant increase in positive BOLD in forebrain areas and hippocampus. The anticipated dose\u2010dependent increase in BOLD was not realized; instead, the lowest dose of 1.0\u00a0mg\/kg had the greatest effect on brain activity. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were significantly activated corroborating previous imaging studies in humans and animals. The unexpected sensitivity to the 1.0\u00a0mg\/kg dose of esketamine could be explained by imaging in fully awake mice without the confound of anesthesia and\/or its greater affinity for the N\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate receptor (NMDAR) receptor than (\u00b1) ketamine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T10:07:32Z","timestamp":1670839652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Dose\u2010dependent effects of esketamine on brain activity in awake mice: A <scp>BOLD phMRI<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kyrsten","family":"Kawazoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeastern University  Boston Massachusetts 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