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Muscle and liver specimens were obtained from 36 mice. Lactate dehydrogenase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDH<\/jats:styled-content>) activity was measured. Microtubule\u2010associated protein light chain 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAP<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3B) and glycogen content were determined histologically; muscle ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Mitochondrial\u2010 and autophagy\u2010related markers were analyzed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content> and Western blotting. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content> level, cytotoxicity, and caspase 3 activity were measured in murine C2C12 myoblasts after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> exposure. Coenzyme Q10B (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COQ<\/jats:styled-content>10B) transcript was up\u2010regulated in limb muscle of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice, whereas its protein content was stable. Cytochrome C oxidase 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COX<\/jats:styled-content>4I1) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDH<\/jats:styled-content> activity increased in limb muscle of male <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice. Glycogen content was lower in muscle and liver tissue of male <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice. Electron micrographs of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice specimens showed mitochondrial damage and autophagic vesicles. A significant up\u2010regulation of autophagic transcripts of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAP<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>3B and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BECLIN<\/jats:styled-content> 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BECN<\/jats:styled-content>1) was observed. Map1lc3b protein showed an aggregated distribution in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice and Sq<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STM<\/jats:styled-content>1\/p62 (p62) protein level was stable. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content> level and caspase activity, detected as apoptotic marker, were significantly lowered after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> exposure in differentiated C2C12 myoblasts. The present study shows that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICS<\/jats:styled-content> mice are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic processes, and metabolic alterations. Further investigations could dissect autophagy process in the proposed model and link these mechanisms to potential therapeutic options for fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T10:21:20Z","timestamp":1474971680000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fibromyalgia syndrome: metabolic and autophagic processes in intermittent cold stress mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Oezel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Philipps University of Marburg Baldingerstrasse 35043 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology Philipps University of Marburg Robert\u2010Koch\u2010Strasse 8 35032 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Lung Research Philipps University of Marburg Baldingerstrasse 35043 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Jabari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy I University Hospital Erlangen Krankenhausstrasse 9 91054 Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Bonaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology Philipps University of Marburg Robert\u2010Koch\u2010Strasse 8 35032 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus T.","family":"Wissniowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology Philipps University of Marburg Baldingerstrasse 35043 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne F.","family":"\u00d6nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology Department of Biology Philipps University of Marburg Karl\u2010von\u2010Frisch\u2010Strasse 8 35043 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine Oncology Bayer Pharma AG Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Psychology Philipps University of Marburg Karl\u2010von\u2010Frisch\u2010Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kinscherf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology Philipps University of Marburg Robert\u2010Koch\u2010Strasse 8 35032 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Di Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Philipps University of Marburg Baldingerstrasse 35043 Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-012-1173-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-003-0427-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"741746","article-title":"Dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems in fibromyalgia, their role in central stress circuitry and pharmacological actions on these systems","volume":"2012","author":"Becker S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2011.03.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: poorly understood; 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