{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:18:38Z","timestamp":1790601518571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]],"date-time":"2014-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PO1 HL070687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO1 HL070687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sympathetic nervous system and its neurotransmitter effectors are undeniably important to blood pressure control. We made the novel discovery that perivascular adipose tissue (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>) contains significant concentrations of catecholamines. We hypothesized that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>contains sufficient releasable catecholamines to affect vascular function. High\u2010pressure liquid chromatography, isometric contractility, immunohistochemistry, whole animal approaches, and pharmacology were used to test this hypothesis. In normal rat thoracic aorta and superior mesenteric artery, the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine caused a concentration\u2010dependent contraction that was dependent on the presence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>. Tyramine stimulated release of norepinephrine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>), dopamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>) and the tryptamine serotonin (5\u2010hydroxytryptamine [5\u2010HT]) from<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>isolated from both arteries. In both arteries, tyramine\u2010induced concentration\u2010dependent contraction was rightward\u2010shifted and reduced by the noradrenaline transporter inhibitor nisoxetine (1\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol\/L), the vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor tetrabenazine (10\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol\/L), and abolished by the<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin (100\u00a0nmol\/L). Inhibitors of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>and 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HT<\/jats:styled-content>transporter did not alter tyramine\u2010induced,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010dependent contraction. Removal of the celiac ganglion as a neuronal source of catecholamines for superior mesenteric artery<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>did not significantly reduce the maximum or shift the concentration\u2010dependent contraction to tyramine. Electrical field stimulation of the isolated aorta was not affected by the presence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>. These data suggest that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>components that are independent of sympathetic nerves can release<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>in a tyramine\u2010sensitive manner to result in arterial contraction. Because<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>is intimately apposed to the artery, this raises the possibility of local control of arterial function by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVAT<\/jats:styled-content>catecholamines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T04:50:31Z","timestamp":1398142231000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Perivascular adipose tissue contains functional catecholamines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Ayala\u2010Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing 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