{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:27:11Z","timestamp":1779323231717,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Res &amp; Perspec"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose a new hypothesis that the established drug pentoxifylline deserves attention as a potential repurposed therapeutic for COVID\u201019. Pentoxifylline is an immunomodulator with anti\u2010inflammatory properties. It is a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and through Adenosine A2A Receptor\u2010mediated pathways reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and interferon gamma and may act to reduce tissue damage during the cytokine storm host response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. This agent has been used clinically for many years and has a favorable profile of safety and tolerability. Pre\u2010clinical data support pentoxifylline as effective in cytokine\u2010driven lung damage. Clinical studies of pentoxifylline in radiation and cytokine\u2010induced lung damage in humans are positive and consistent with anti\u2010inflammatory efficacy. Pentoxifylline is a readily available, off\u2010patent and inexpensive drug, suitable for large\u2010scale use including in resource\u2010limited countries. Current trials of therapeutics are largely focused on the inhibition of viral processes. We advocate urgent randomized trials of pentoxifylline for COVID\u201019 as a complementary approach to target the host responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T06:02:02Z","timestamp":1595829722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Hypothesis: Pentoxifylline is a potential cytokine modulator therapeutic in COVID\u201019 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bruce M.","family":"Hendry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Sciences Department of Inflammation Biology King\u2019s College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Ealing Hospital London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust Southall 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